Wacken Open Air
Wacken Open Air (/ˈvɑːkən/, stylised W:O:A) is a heavy metal music festival, held annually since 1990 on the first weekend of August in the town of Wacken in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Almost all styles of hard rock and metal are represented.[1] It is now one of the largest heavy metal festivals in the world and one of the largest open-air festivals in Germany. Between 2011–2018, the number of attendees was around 85,000, 75,000 of whom were paying visitors. In 2020, the festival was scheduled to take place from 30 July to 1 August, but was canceled due to a ban on large public events in Germany due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
| Wacken Open Air | |
|---|---|
 The burning skull is the official symbol for Wacken Open Air | |
| Genre | |
| Location(s) | Wacken, Germany |
| Years active | 1990–present |
| Website | wacken.com |
History
Background
The idea for Wacken Open Air was conceived in 1989 when Thomas Jensen and Holger Hübner visited a restaurant together. Both lived in Wacken and were friends, Jensen played the electric bass with Rock cover band Skyline. From its beginnings until 1992, the band was composed of Ines Jeske from Vaale (vocals), Thomas Jensen from Wacken (bass), Peter Huhn from Wacken (electric guitar), Dennis Harman from Itzehoe (keyboard), and Andreas Göser from Wacken (drums). Skyline was one of the first regional Metal and Rock cover bands at that time. The band was regionally known, working its way from appearances in village pubs and gigs at biker meetings up to an appearance as supporting band of "Extrabreit". Hübner was a disc jockey with a focus on Rock music and Heavy Metal. Jensen and Hübner developed the idea to organise an open-air concert in a gravel pit in Wacken and persuaded Skyline drummer Andreas Göser and Jörg Jensen, Thomas Jensen's brother, to help make it happen. Until then, the pit had already served as a meeting venue for up to 3,000 members of biker club 'No Mercys', it was therefore perfectly suited for their plans and also presented an opportunity to attract motorcycle fans. From the beginning, it was clear that the focus of the event would be on Rock and Metal and that, in contrast to other single-day festivals such as Monsters of Rock or Super Rock in Mannheim, there would also be camping grounds.[2][3]
Early years and initial development
The first two-day festival took place in the gravel pit on 24 and 25 August 1990 and barely had 800 visitors. The performing bands all hailed from Germany, and apart from Skyline, bands like 5th Avenue, Motoslug, Sacred Season, Axe 'n Sex, and Wizzard played. The first festivals were organised privately, with the technology being built on a trailer borrowed from a local trucking company and the stage being a DIY construction.[4]
In subsequent years, too, most of the tasks were carried out by the small team. Until August 1994, for example, ticket orders were organised privately by Andy Göser's mother Regina Göser and security duties were performed by friendly motorcycle clubs up until 1996.[5] In 1991, the number of visitors increased to 1.300,[5] and with Skyline returning, Bon Scott, an AC/DC cover band from Hamburg, Gypsy Kyss, Kilgore, Life Artist, Ruby Red, and Shanghai'd Guts joined them on stage for an all-regional roster.[6] That same year, the iconic skull logo was designed by Mark Ramsauer after the basic shape had been determined by Thomas Jensen and Holger Hübner.[7] The cow skull refers to the venue, a meadow for cows, and to Jensen and Hübner as "boys from the village".[8]
In 1992, the programme changed to include internationally renowned bands such as Blind Guardian and Saxon for the first time,[9][3] and the number of bands rose to 26, listing bands from Sweden, the USA, Ireland, and Belgium.[10] The organisers used a professional stage with lighting and PA for the first time and were able to win cigarette brand Prince Denmark as a sponsor.[9] That year, the Party Stage was set up in the DJ tent next to the main stage, where cover bands and fun projects were to perform exclusively. The additional post-concert costs for garbage disposal on the campground, where 2,500 paying guests and many more were present and celebrated, as well as the significantly oversized security, among other things, meant that the organisers recorded a loss of around 25,000 D-Mark that year.[9]
With the reunion of the band Fates Warning at the festival in 1993, Wacken Open Air had a special feature and also made a name for itself in the following years with unusual band constellations and reunions. At the same time, Doro Pesch and other well-known bands made for interesting appearances, which resulted in a new record attendance of 3,500 paying customers. Simultaneously, the team tried their hand at concert organisation and, under the moniker Stone Castle Promotion, held a Motörhead concert for 2,000 people in Flensburg which, unfortunately, could not cover its promotional costs. A show with Dio/Freak of Nature became a disaster with only 167 tickets sold, and together with the Open Air, which again recorded a minus, the organisers incurred debts of around 350,000 D-Mark. As a result, Jörg Jensen and Andreas Göser left the team; Holger Hübner and Thomas Jensen remained, as did Jörn-Ulf Goesmann for another two years, continuing to run the Wacken Open Air despite the debts for which their parents had provided guarantees. During the same year, Thomas Jensen's mother died and Holger Hübner had a serious accident – the year went down in Wacken history as the "year of the plague".[11][3]
On its fifth anniversary in 1994, the financial situation stabilised and the festival finally broke even. The line-up remained professional and featured many internationally known bands from the Metal scene. A total of 4,500 tickets were sold; on top of that, due to the rising costs of garbage disposal, tickets for the camping grounds had to be purchased separately, and pre-orders were rewarded with a free T-shirt.[12] Also in 1995, income and expenses evened out thanks to the commitment of bands such as Tiamat, D-A-D, the Pretty Maids, and Angra. But even with roughly 5,000 attendees, the festival didn't turn a profit.[13] However, for the first time, national media became aware of Wacken Open Air, especially Rock Hard magazine, as well as the newly founded TV station VIVA with its Heavy Metal programme Metalla.[13]
First achievements and growth
Ticket sales for the 1996 festival again started sluggishly, despite a headliner like Kreator and numerous internationally renowned bands such as The Exploited, Gorefest, and Crematory. Management tried to prevent another loss by securing more acts and finally managed to get Böhse Onkelz to perform. The engagement of the controversial band also led to criticism, and some bands cancelled their gig in Wacken that year. Cologne band Brings called off their gig on short notice and offered to refund their fans’ ticket prices.[14]
As a result of many visitors flooding the village in 1996, the inhabitants of Wacken voiced their concern over an event of this size being held in the local gravel pit. Uwe Trede offered to relocate the festival site to his own property and the areas previously used as campgrounds and took care of the acquisition of additional land. The organisational team grew to include Thomas Hess as production manager, who had previously been active as tour manager for Die Böhsen Onkelz, as well as Sheree Hesse for catering to the artists and VIPs. With the W.E.T.-Stage, a third stage was set up in 1997. The "Wacken Evolution Tent" was to be made available primarily to newcomers and bands without record deals. That year, the number of visitors reached 10,000 for the first time, with Rockbitch's erotic stage show causing a scene.[15]
Further development of the festival
Over the years, the size of Wacken Open Air has grown continuously, and now dozens of bands and tens of thousands of visitors flock to the festival. Even though the organisers said in 2006 that 62,500 visitors were "the limit of what is possible",[16] changes were made to the structure of the festival grounds the following year by allocating a larger area to the "Party Stage". In addition, tickets could no longer be purchased directly on the festival grounds to reduce the number of spontaneous or ticketless visitors. In 2007 and 2008, the festival had already sold out as a result of advance ticket sales; for W:O:A 2009, tickets had even sold out by the end of 2008. The tickets for 2010, too, sold out months in advance.[17]
While the festival originally only lasted two days, the performances have been lasting from Thursday to Saturday, i.e. three days, for some years. Thursday became a "Night to Remember", with mainly "classical" Heavy Metal bands appearing, such as the Scorpions in 2006. On the actual Party Stage, younger and more modern bands play as a contrast to the "Night to Remember". In addition, the event is accompanied by a rich complementary programme; in addition to a merchant area – obligatory for music festivals – a beer garden has been operating since 2000, in which the Wacken Firefighters' marching band opens the festival before its official start. On Thursday in 2007, the "Hellfest Stage" was initiated. Since 2009, there has been a "Medieval Stage", where mainly Medieval and Folk Metal bands play.
The fact that many well-known bands, including the Scorpions, Saxon, Twisted Sister, Dimmu Borgir, Slayer, and Helloween, have recorded live DVDs at Wacken, shows how esteemed the Open Air has since become. Ahead of their farewell tour in 2004, Die Böhsen Onkelz also performed an extended set at W:O:A.
Since 2002, the so-called "Metal Train" has been travelling from Zurich to Wacken and back before and after the festival to bring fans to the Northern German village and provide a matching entertainment programme. Bus tours from Scandinavian countries, especially Sweden, but also from Austria, are organised each year and used by several hundred fans.
The "W:O:A Soccercup" has been taking place annually since 2002. This football tournament, which started with nine teams and takes place on Wednesdays, has grown over the years and has been held in World Cup mode with 32 teams since 2007 (a one-off event in 2011 featured 36 teams). The international teams register in advance and are composed of festival visitors. For the tournament's 15th anniversary in 2016, a band was featured and took part for the first time: Serum 114 formed a team with several fans and were able to win the tournament. Although it is meant to be a fun tournament, in which creative outfits and names take precedence over athletic performance, the award ceremony after the tournament has been held on one of the stages since 2013 and prizes can be won.[18]
In 2013, the "Full Metal Church" took place in Wacken for the first time. Marking the local church's 150th anniversary, the team, together with the parish, organised a concert by the band Faun, which was framed by two readings and sermons by "Volxbibel" author Martin Dreyer. Both the concert and the services were completely overcrowded by festival visitors.[19]
Present
The festival is one of the Metal scene's highlights of the year. Nowadays, about a third of the visitors, some of whom arrive quite some time before the official start of the festival, and the majority of the bands come from abroad. According to the organisers, 2018 saw visitors from more than 80 nations attending the festival.[20]
The number of participants increased to 75,000 in 2008 and included 65,000 paying guests. In 2008, the festival sold out twice ( W:O:A 2008 in spring and W:O:A 2009 on 31 December 2008).[21]
As is common with festivals of this size, Wacken Open Air received criticism for its hygienic conditions, prices, security personnel, as well as for the overcrowding and commercial orientation of the event. These points of criticism were addressed by making further substantial investments in the festival's fixed and mobile infrastructure. In 2008, the organisers also contributed 1,000,000 Euros to the expansion of Wacken's local outdoor swimming pool in order to make the festival even more attractive to the residents and visitors of the town.[22]
Since 2006, the festival has been running an online radio station called Wacken Radio, which broadcasts Metal music around the clock. It is being produced in cooperation with RauteMusik as of February 2014.[23]
For the 23rd edition of Wacken Open Air, the sale of an "X-Mas Package" started on Monday, 8 August 2011, shortly after the end of that year's festival, and was sold out within 45 minutes. The event sold out ten times in a row between 2006 and 2015. Tickets for Wacken Open Air 2015 sold out after just 12 hours on 4 August 2014 – just a few hours after the end of W:O:A 2014.[24] The X-Mas Tickets for W:O:A 2016, which cost 10 Euros less and whose buyers were entitled to a free T-shirt, were completely sold out only 20 minutes after the start of pre-sales. Booking office Metaltix’ servers were highly busy. In the minutes before the start of the pre-sale, the pages were no longer accessible; after that, data traffic had to be limited by wait lists.
Prices for the festival have risen and are currently at a level similar to other major Rock festivals, such as Rock am Ring and Hurricane Festival. After several years of success in which the festival sold out within hours, the first 60,000 tickets for the 2017 festival were sold in mid-2016. 55,000 tickets were sold within the first hour. By the end of April 2017, the festival was almost sold out except for a few remaining tickets. The price for the festival ticket was 220 Euros, but there was no fee for early arrival campers, who often set up their elaborately designed accommodations before the festival begins – partly to get the best spots near the festival grounds. In addition, all toilets and showers were free in 2017.
The festival sold out within a few days each in 2014–2016. However, the last tickets for the 2017 festival were sold after 309 days, a mere 2 months before the start of the festival, even though only 10,000 tickets remained after the first day of sales. This was a matter of speculation at first, and reasons such as the changed security situation or the price development were taken into account.[25] Regardless of that, the festival sold out for the 13th time in a row in 2018.[26]
On 5 April 2018 Thomas Hess, the festival's longtime production (and former security) director, passed away. He had joined festival management in 1996 as a former tour manager of Böhse Onkelz and was considered one of the most important leading figures for the festival, along with the remaining founders and the Trede family, who organise the camping areas and the camping supervisors as subcontractors. He made a significant contribution to the W:O:A being so well organised, peaceful and successful.[27]
Wacken Open Air 2018 was named the best major festival at the European Festival Awards 2018 and best festival at the Helga! Awards.[28] For W:O:A 2019, all 75,000 tickets were sold within the first four days of sales, making this the 14th time in a row that the festival completely sold out.[29]
COVID-19 pandemic and 2020 edition postponement
On 16 April 2020, it was announced to that the 2020 edition of the festival would be cancelled because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.[30] The first set of bands were announced on 1 August 2020 for the rescheduled festival for 2021.[31]
Organisation
The organisers of Wacken Open Air founded Stone Castle Rockpromotions in 1990 in order to organise the first festival. The name is derived from the direct translation of "Steinburg" from the district of Steinburg, to which Wacken belongs.[4] Stone Castle remained the company's name until 1996. Up until 2014, the headquarters were located in Dörpstedt (Schleswig-Flensburg district) and then moved to Wacken. The company's name has been ICS (International Concert Service) GmbH since 1999. The company owns the label Wacken Records and the mailorder Metaltix, among others.
A daily festival newspaper has been available since 2007, reporting on what's happening on the festival grounds.[32] The Thursday edition is also included free of charge with all newspapers published by Schleswig-Holsteinischer Zeitungsverlag.
In 2014, the online radio station RauteMusik took over production of the official Wacken radio. Wacken Radio has its own container on the festival grounds every year, where it reports live.
Up until a few years ago, Wacken's official town signs were either replaced by plastic signs spelling Heavy Metal Town during W:O:A or bolted more tightly because they were often stolen as souvenirs. Some shops are now selling black cotton bags with the Wacken town sign on one side and the words "This town sign I may keep" on the other.
An action for exceeding the maximum noise limit, brought before the Administrative Court of Schleswig by residents of Wacken, ended in January 2013 with an out-of-court settlement. Now, if the average noise level of the festival exceeds 70 dB, the organisers pay 1,000 Euros to the community, which donates the money to charitable causes.[33]
Infrastructure
The site covers more than 240 hectares, which are divided by more than 45 kilometres of fence. The inner area, including the main stage, has a size of 43,000 square metres. More than 1,300 toilets and almost 500 showers are available for the 75,000 paying attendees. 2,200 trucks with equipment are needed for the entire festival. Stage construction and dismantling usually take 7 days and 5 days respectively. For this, 75 trucks of stage equipment (1,000 tons), 10 trucks of sound equipment and 27 trucks of lighting equipment are used.[34]
Since 2014, the electric output has amounted to 12 megawatts, roughly matching the needs of a small town counting 70,000 inhabitants.[35] In addition, 40 diesel-fuelled emergency power generators are required. 25 electricians are responsible for the power supply.[34]
600,000 Euros were spent on the construction of sewage systems and the improvement of power supply on the festival grounds. At the same time, 700,000 Euros worth of drains were installed in front of the stages in order to improve the drainage of water masses during heavy rains. The main paths were also paved with 10 km of mobile roads to facilitate access for rescue vehicles.[34]
A total of approximately 5,000 employees work for the festival, including 1,800 security staff members, 150 cleaners, 70 construction and dismantling assistants, as well as 400 police officers, 250 firefighters, 900 paramedics, and six emergency doctors.
In 2017, a beer pipeline measuring one kilometer to supply ten dispensing systems was used for the first time. At full capacity, this construction allowed for 10,000 litres of beer to be tapped within the hour.[36]
Stages
Wacken Open Air now boasts eight stages for musicians and accompanying entertainment. The most important ones are the Faster and the Harder Stage, which are designed as connected twin stages and have a shared sound and lighting system. Together with the slightly smaller Louder Stage, these two stages make up the Infield, or The Holy Ground. All three stages are also equipped with video walls to allow visibility of the performers even from remote positions.
Up until 2016, these three stages were called Black Stage, True Metal Stage, and Party Stage. After Wacken 2016, visitors were encouraged to suggest new names. From these suggestions, the best ideas were to be put up to a vote in a survey. Instead, however, the slogan "Faster - Harder - Louder" became the inspiration for the names and the three stages were renamed accordingly.[37]
Two more twin stages, the W.E.T. Stage (Wacken Evolution Tent) and the Headbanger Stage, are located inside a big tent called Bullhead City Circus. The Metal Battle takes place on these stages on Wednesday and Thursday, followed by regular band appearances on the days after.
While the large stages and tent stages are open to all genres, the remaining stages are dedicated to specific themes. The Wackinger Stage is located in the medieval area of the festival and is played primarily by bands from Folk, Pagan and Medieval genres, while the Wasteland Stage, which was established in 2014, is geared towards music with an apocalyptic touch. The Beergarden Stage is modelled after typical folk festival stages, but also accommodates permanent Wacken guests such as the Wacken Firefighters and Mambo Kurt.
Event area
Wacken Open Air's event area is divided into several structurally separated sections. Since 2014, only one major security check is performed upon entering the grounds, after that, only the festival wristbands are checked.[38]
Special features of the W:O:A include the Wackinger area, which resembles a medieval market and contains specialty food and beverage stalls as well as the Wackinger Stage, where matching music is played. Various walking acts also entertain the audience. This area borders on the Wasteland designed by the Wasteland Warriors, where a post-apocalyptic world and stage (Wastelandstage) styled in homage to the Mad Max-franchise is set up.
The area in front of the main stages comprises both the Bavarian beer garden and a large shopping mile called Metal Markt. There are also various food stalls, the Wacken Foundation Camp, ATMs, and the Movie Field, where Heavy Metal documentaries and feature films are screened.
The most important stages, the focal point of the festival, are located in the so-called Infield, which can be reached only via the Center. In addition to these stages, it also hosts food and beverage stalls.
Camping grounds
As Wacken Open Air only sells 3-day tickets, the majority of visitors spend the entire festival on-site. As a result, most of the more than 240 hectares of the festival site are designated camping areas. Camping opens on Monday and has been included in the ticket price since 2017. However, in the years before, an extra fee was charged for arrival before Wednesday.[39]
The campsite is equipped with showers, flushing toilets, portable toilets, drinking fountains, small supermarkets, food stalls, and information boards, and is continuously patrolled by the police, fire brigade, and security services. A garbage collection service collects full garbage bags on the premises.[40]
For orientation, the individual sites called Campgrounds are marked with code letters. Campgrounds A and B are reserved for visitors arriving without a car, while Campgrounds Y and R are intended for campers and other heavy-duty vehicles. Y offers the possibility to rent entire caravans, tents or to get a power supply for your own caravan. At Campground U, large groups of 50 people or more can reserve a larger area free of charge.
Since the large crowds lead to a bottleneck situation in terms of mobile service, some providers now set up portable base stations for GSM, UMTS, and LTE+ during the festival.[41]
Medical services
A festival of this size needs capable medical services, which here are called the Wacken Rescue Squad. Every year, hundreds of helpers from various relief organisations from all over Germany arrive before the festival to prepare the medical camp and care for people in need during the event. The medical service is managed by the local DRK association in Kaltenkirchen.
The visiting and local relief organisations provide vehicles and material during the course of the festival. These include ambulances and radios for communication in particular. Due to the road conditions, quads and foot patrols are often used in Wacken, especially in the vicinity of the medical centre. In addition to the medical service, which counts approx. 270 people at peak times, the rescue service cooperation Schleswig-Holstein has more than ten emergency vehicles (ambulances and mobile intensive care units) on site while coordinating the overall emergency management.
In 2013, around 3,300 people received medical care from approximately 500 paramedics.[42]
Crime and accidents
Despite the size of the festival, no serious security problems have been encountered so far. Disputes among visitors are rare, and in 2011, a total of 20 reports of bodily injury was filed.[43] The main problem consists of several hundred reported thefts each year. In 2011, police were able to arrest three gangs of thieves.[44] In comparison to other events of this scale, the festival is classified by police as secure.[45]
So far there have been four deaths and some serious injuries:
- In 2005, a heavily intoxicated 37-year-old crashed into an ambulance moving at walking pace and succumbed to his head injuries in the hospital. To support his family, organisers held a fundraising event; W:O:A 2006 honoured the deceased with a minute's silence.
- In 2011, a rioting fan was overwhelmed by security guards in the village and died of cardiovascular arrest.
- In 2012, a 22-year-old festival visitor went to sleep near a generator and breathed in its carbon monoxide fumes. He could not be revived.[46]
- In 2013, a 52-year-old visitor from Poland died of natural causes in his tent. That same year, a fan was seriously injured when the cartridge of his camping stove exploded for unknown reasons.[42]
- In 2016, two men were injured when one of them set fire to illegal firecrackers and the other tried to stop him. Reports that one of the men's ears had been torn off turned out to be false.[47]
- In 2017, a 16-year-old was seriously injured while trying to refill a camping stove with denatured alcohol.[48]
Commitment
Metal Battle
W:O:A Metal Battle is an international band contest first held in 2004. During Metal Battle, newcomer bands compete against each other in national qualifiers and finals; the winner of each country then competes against the other finalists in the grand final at Wacken Open Air.
An international jury selects the competition's best bands. In earlier years, winners of the competition were offered a record deal, whereas nowadays, the five best bands receive cash or material prices.[49]
Wacken Foundation
The Wacken Foundation was founded in 2009 by the festival's organisers and serves as a charitable foundation. Its objective is to support young bands from the Heavy Metal genre.
Sponsorship is granted to specific projects such as the production of a CD or the realisation of a tour. In addition, the Wacken Foundation provides information about its projects at many European festivals each summer.[50] Since the 2017/2018 season, the Wacken Foundation's lettering can be found on the jerseys of German 3rd league club FC Carl Zeiss Jena. This was facilitated by jersey sponsors Heaven Shall Burn, whose logo has been moved to the jersey's sleeve for this cause. Part of the proceeds from the jersey's sale is donated to the foundation.[51]
Wacken Music Camp
2014 saw Wacken Music Camp take place for the first time. One week after the festival ended, young people from all over Germany were invited to write and play their own songs under the guidance of professional musicians. They were accommodated in the so-called Kuhle, the site of the first Wacken Open Air.
Blood donations
The organisers regularly call for blood donations with the whole festival team. Blood is donated at the Itzehoe Clinic and the entire wing is decorated in W:O:A style, while Heavy Metal is blasted through the speakers.[52]
DKMS typing campaign
Since W:O:A 2014, visitors and musicians have been encouraged to have their bone marrow typed for donation by the German Bone Marrow Donor Database. In 2014, 2,700 visitors took this opportunity.[53]
Stark gegen Krebs – Strong against cancer
The festival works with the organisers of the so-called Wattolümpiade ("mudflat Olympics") in Brunsbüttel to promote the slogan Stark gegen Krebs ("Strong against cancer"). The festival's team helps out with logistics for the event.[54]
Network – W:O:A as a brand
In addition to the festival itself, there are numerous other events planned and carried out by the organisers. A wide range of merchandising has also been developed over the years. In addition to T-shirts and a comprehensive range of CDs and DVDs, the festival also has accompanying print media. The W:O:A History Book contains the open-air's history up until 2005. The book Die Wahrheit über Wacken ("The truth about Wacken", Oidium Verlag 2005, new edition published at Verlag Andreas Reiffer 2011) provides a more humorous account of the festival. It was written by satirist Till Burgwächter in collaboration with comic artist Jan Oidium and is also available as an audio book comprising three CDs. The publication of a Metal cookbook shows how far merchandising has come. However, the mounting range of merchandising has led to growing criticism, as some consider it to be purely profit-oriented. The increasing coverage of the festival, especially in the wake of the documentary Full Metal Village, is perceived by the traditional Metal scene as "selling out".
In 2005, Wacken Premium Pilsner was offered as the festival's "own" beer for the first time. It was produced in the Bavarian brewery Maximiliansbrauerei in Chieming. At W:O:A 2006 and 2007, the beer was available as well, this time produced in 0.5-litre bottles by the Flensburger brewery. The large number of glass shards later forced the organisers to switch to 0.5-litre cans.
As a motto, the phrase "See you in Wacken - Rain or Shine" has established itself alongside "Faster, Harder, Louder". Additionally, the festival features the sentence "Louder Than Hell" in its advertising.
Full Metal Cruise
Cruises with Heavy Metal bands on board under the name Full Metal Cruise have been organised within Europe since 2013.[55]
Hamburg Metal Dayz
The indoor festival Hamburg Metal Dayz takes place at the same time as the Reeperbahn-Festival and is considered a get-together for the scene. In addition to concerts, there are panels with musicians, managers, and other Metal experts, as well as workshops and a question and answer session with the W:O:A organisers.[56]
Wacken Roadshow
For the Wacken Roadshow, several bands tour Europe under the banner of Wacken Open Air. These concerts are meant to complement the warm-up parties organised in many places.[57]
Metal Monday
In the summer of 1990, Metal Monday took place for the first time at Knust in Hamburg. For five years, regional, national and international Metal bands like De la Cruz, 5th Avenue, and King Køng played at Knust every Monday. After a break of almost 20 years, Metal Monday was revived by the Wacken Open Air organisers in 2014 in cooperation with the Knust, Seaside Touring, All Access, and Hamburg Konzerte. Metal, Rock, and Folkrock bands now perform once a month, following the motto "three bands - small entrance fee". In addition to regional bands, international newcomers are always invited.
Zum Wackinger
The former country-style restaurant Zur Post in Wacken, built in 1919, has been the hub of the village and the surrounding communities for decades. It was here that bartenders Thomas Jensen and Holger Hübner conceived the idea for today's Wacken Open Air. Today, it is used to accommodate staff and to serve other business purposes. A series of events called "Zum Wackinger" sees artists from music, comedy, and entertainment perform regularly. Since 2016, a two-day medieval feast with jugglers and bards takes place here.[58]
Metal Church
The Evangelical Lutheran Village Church in Wacken belongs to the Lutheran congregation of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany. For Wacken Open Air and Wacken Winter Nights, it is turned into the Metal Church. During said festivals, the Metal Service is held here and bands from the Folk and Medieval scene perform in the church.
Wacken Winter Nights
Wacken Winter Nights (WWN), a three-day Folk and Medieval open-air festival, took place for the first time in February 2017 at temperatures of -2 to -6 degrees Celsius in Wacken. With over 3,500 attendees, the festival's first edition sold out several weeks in advance. Most of them spent the nights on the camping site. A second edition took place from 23 to 25 February 2018. Due to the construction on the previous year's campground, the overnight accommodations were relocated to the area that is also used for the regular Open Air.[59] The walking distance, therefore, increased to about 15 minutes. With 4,000 visitors, the 2018 event also sold out.[60] For the third event in 2019, the festival grounds were expanded considerably and 5,000 visitors attended. The fourth WWNs are planned for the 14th to 16 February 2020.[61]
| Year | Bands | Paying
attendees |
Price (EUR) | Sold out |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 | 3500 | 69,00 | yes | |
| 2018 | 35 | 4000[60] | yes | |
| 2019 | 34 | 5000[61] | 89,99 |
StrongmanRun
The Fisherman's Friend StrongmanRun visited the Metal festival grounds of Wacken for the first time in April 2016. With their Wacken debut, the StrongmanRun season formally kicked off. About 3,000 participants, some in colourful costumes, took part in the run on the 20 km track with 40 obstacles. In 2017, the StrongmanRun took place on the festival grounds.[62]
Wacken Rocks
Several open-air festivals called Wacken Rocks were held in the past to transport the Wacken atmosphere to other places.[63]
Full Metal Mountain
During the winters of 2016, 2017 and 2018, an annual ski trip to Nassfeld, Austria was organised for Metal fans under the name Full Metal Mountain.[64] Numerous bands and artists were present. For 2019, the festival was cancelled entirely.[65]
Full Metal Holiday
Planning and preparation are underway for a holiday trip to Mallorca with the title Full Metal Holiday - Destination Mallorca, which will offer Metal concerts on the beach from 12 to 19 October 2020.[66] The event was originally planned for 2017 and said to head to Ibiza, then rescheduled for 2018 and changed to Mallorca.[67]
W:O:A in numbers
The following chart shows the development of prices and visitor numbers of past festivals as published by the organisers. Prices refer to a 3-day ticket (incl. parking and camping) in pre-sale (without additional fees).
| Year | Bands | Attendees | Paying
attendees |
Price | Sold out |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 6 | 800 | N/A | 6,14 | |
| 1991 | 7 | 1.300 | N/A | 7,67 | |
| 1992 | 26 | 3.500 | N/A | 17,90 | |
| 1993 | 32 | 3.500 | N/A | 23,01 | |
| 1994 | 29 | 4.500 | N/A | 19,94 | |
| 1995 | 33 | 5.000 | N/A | 20,05 | |
| 1996 | 32 | 8.000 | N/A | 25,05 | |
| 1997 | 47 | 10.000 | N/A | 35,28 | |
| 1998 | 71 | 20.000 | N/A | 35,28 | |
| 1999 | 82 | 22.000 | N/A | 40,39 | |
| 2000 | 69 | 25.000 | N/A | 40,90 | |
| 2001 | 79 | 25.000 | N/A | 50,62 | |
| 2002 | 80 | 27.500 | N/A | 50,00 | |
| 2003 | 61 | 30.000 | N/A | 50,00 | |
| 2004 | 62 | 48.000 | N/A | 68,00 | |
| 2005 | 65 | 40.000 | N/A | 79,00 | |
| 2006 | 56 | 48.000 | N/A | 79,00 | |
| 2007 | 75 | 72.000 | 60.000 | 99,00 | 339 days |
| 2008 | 71 | 75.000 | N/A | 109,00 | 221 days |
| 2009 | 80 | 77.000 | N/A | 130,00 | 149 days |
| 2010 | 123 | 82.500 | 75.000 | 130,00 | 247 days |
| 2011 | 125 | 85.870[68] | 75.000 | 130,00 | 187 days |
| 2012 | 137 | 85.000[69] | 75.000 | 150,00 | 121 days |
| 2013 | 135 | 84.500[70] | 75.000 | 150,00 | 47 days |
| 2014 | 132 | 84.500[38] | 75.000 | 170,00 | 43 hours |
| 2015 | 158 | 84.500[71] | 75.000 | 170,00 | 12 hours |
| 2016 | 157 | 84.500[72] | 75.000 | 190,00 | 23 hours[73] |
| 2017 | 170 | 85.000[74] | 75.000 | 220,00 | 309 days |
| 2018 | 197 | 85.000 | 75.000 | 220,00 | 346 days |
| 2019 | 200 | 75.000 | 221,00 | 4 days | |
| 2020 | 75.000 | 221,00 | 21 hours |
Documentaries and reception
Since 1999, various documentaries about W:O:A have been made. The first documentary, Metalheads - The Official Documentary, was produced in 1999 on the occasion of the festival's 10th anniversary and was released on VHS by Rock Hard in 2000. The film team lived on the festival grounds for ten days prior to the actual start of the festival and documented the work of construction workers, farmers such as Uwe Trede, villagers, fans and organisers. Although the film shows excerpts from performances by some of the bands and interviews with the artists, it is more of a behind-the-scenes documentary. The film was produced with the simplest means, including a professional Hi8 and a Mini-DV camera and a team of three, and was regarded by the organisers as a trial run on the subject of film. According to the organisers, a total of 10,000 copies were made and sold. The film Nordland was shot for the 15th edition of W:O:A, but was only used for internal promotion. Both films were made by Thomas Greiner.
The documentary Metal - A Headbanger's Journey by Sam Dunn (2005) features Wacken Open Air. The festival is described as a Mecca of Heavy Metal. The film Full Metal Village by director Cho Sung-Hyung, made in 2005 and 2006, portrays the people of Wacken dealing with the festival. In 2006, she was awarded the main award of the Hessischer Filmpreis and the Schleswig-Holstein Filmpreis for best documentary. Full Metal Village was the first documentary ever to win the Max Ophüls Award for young filmmakers in 2007. WDR-Rockpalast profiled the festival in 2006,[75] 2007,[76] and 2009[77] with two-hour documentaries. Broadcaster DMAX also sent a camera team and produced a one-hour documentary on the construction of W:O:A in 2007.
ZDF television filmed the 30-minute feature Ein Dorf und 100.000 Rockfans about Wacken Open Air 2008.[78]
The aforementioned projects are almost identical in content; they invite visitors, organisers, and the citizens of Wacken to comment on the festival and generally present it in a positive way. However, there has been criticism of the fact that the Wacken Firefighters have been featured too prominently. The three Rockpalast documentaries focus on interviews with the musicians and the performances of the bands.
Another perspective is offered by the low-budget production Metaller die auf Brüste starren ("The Metalheads Who Stare At Breasts", title based on The Men Who Stare At Goats), which five festival attendees shot during their stay at Wacken. "Offener Kanal Bad Offenbach" is listed as its official producer.[79] The film shows the festival from the filmmakers’ (subjective) point of view and comments on the events in the style of New Journalism. In contrast to other documentaries, this one focuses on the fans. Whether it's a documentary in the true sense of the word or whether the film is just entertainment remains controversial. The filmmakers themselves avoid this question and classify their work as a "trash documentary". The film premiered on 5 May 2011.[80]
Schleswig-Holstein's Prime Minister Peter Harry Carstensen (CDU) commented on the opening of W:O:A 2009: "I don't come here to listen to the music, but I do identify with the festival".[81]
Selected concerts of Wacken Open Air 2014 were broadcast live in an online stream. Furthermore, the cooperation between Spiegel Online and Arte made some performances available as video on demand.[82]
To mark its 30th anniversary, the Norddeutsche Rundschau published a special edition that offered insights into the organisation of the Wacken Open Air. In addition, there will be a special exhibition at the Prinzesshof Kreismuseum in Itzehoe to mark the anniversary.
Awards
At an awards ceremony on 11 March 2008, W:O:A received the Live Entertainment Award (LEA) for best festival of 2007.
Media
Documentaries
German television has produced numerous Wacken Open-Air documentaries in recent years. The following list is therefore not complete:
- Metalheads, documentary on the 10th anniversary of Wacken Open Air (director: Thomas Greiner)
- Nordland, documentary on the 15th anniversary of Wacken Open Air (director: Thomas Greiner (author))
- Full Metal Village, 2006 (Director: Cho Sung-Hyung)
- Ein Dorf im Ausnahmezustand - A village in a state of emergency / Three days of Wacken - Bauernschlau und Heavy-Metal, 2006 (film by Petra Petersen, NDR)
- Rockpalast (WDR), Festival Wacken-Open-Air, 2006, 2007 and 2009, each approx. 2 h documentary, can be downloaded free of charge in the media library of the public broadcaster (as of February 2016)
The highly-visible silo of Raiffeisenhauptgenossenschaft in 2013 - Wahnsinn Wacken, 2007 (DMAX) approx. 1 h documentary[83]
- Ein Dorf und 100.000 Rockfans, 2008 (ZDF)
- Metaller die auf Brüste starren, 2010
- Road To Wacken - The Movie, 2011
- Heavy Metal auf der Wiese, 2011 (NDR) (Director: Manfred Studer)
- Heavy Metal trifft Karniggels - Detlev Buck goes Wacken, 2012 (NDR) (Director: Nils Utzig)
- Heiter, harder, louder, 2013 (NDR) (Director: Nils Utzig)
- Alles auf Schwarz – Wacken!!! Sarnau und Hübner bei den Metalheads, 2013 (NDR) (Director: Nils Utzig)
- Wacken 3D, 2014 (Director: Norbert Heitker) - also in 2D.
- 25 Years Louder Than Hell - The W:O:A Documentary, Jun 2015, DVD and Blu-ray, 3 Eps. 45 min, 1 h 5 min, 42 min, original sound: German, English, and Spanish with subtitles in German, English.
- Road To Wacken, 2016 (DMAX) - two-part documentary (45 min each) about the band Blind Guardian, who plan, prepare and perform their set at W:O:A, as well as the festival itself, its visitors, the village of Wacken and its inhabitants.[84][85]
- Welcome to Wacken - A Documentary Film in Virtual Reality, Jul 2017 (Director: Sam Dunn), °360 VR Film in English in five parts, with animations of the festival area.[87][88]
- Der Wacken-Wahnsinn, Wie geht das? NDR Television, August 2018
Official Wacken Open Air videos and DVDs
The organisers of Wacken Open Air have been releasing an official live DVD every year since 2003:
- Metal Overdrive: Wacken Overdrive, 2003
- Armageddon Over Wacken 2003, 2003
- Armageddon Over Wacken 2004, 2004
- Armageddon Over Wacken 2005, 2005
- Wacken 2006 – Live at W:O:A, 2006
- Wacken 2007: Live at Wacken Open Air, 2007
- Wacken 2008: Live at Wacken Open Air, 2008
- Wacken 2009: Live at Wacken Open Air, 2009
- Wacken 2010: Live at Wacken Open Air, 2010
- Wacken 2011: Live at Wacken Open Air, 2011
- Wacken 2012: Live at Wacken Open Air, 2012
- Wacken 2013: Live at Wacken Open Air, 2014
- Wacken – Der Film, 2014[86]
- 25 Years of Wacken: Snapshots, Sraps, Thoughts & Sounds, 2015
- Wacken 2014: Live at Wacken Open Air, 2015
- Live At Wacken 2015 – 26 Years Louder Than Hell, 2016
- Live at Wacken 2016 – 27 Years Louder Than Hell, 2017
- Live at Wacken 2017 – 28 Years Louder Than Hell, 2018
- Live at Wacken 2018 - 29 Years Louder Than Hell, 2019
- Live at Wacken 2019 - 30 Years Birthday Harder Louder than hell, 2019
Live albums by various bands
Numerous bands have recorded their performances at Wacken Open Air and released them as audio CDs or DVDs. The following list contains only full live albums and no albums containing only individual live tracks from the festival:
- Hypocrisy – Hypocrisy destroys Wacken, 1999
- Rose Tattoo – 25 to Live, 2000
- Tygers of Pan Tang – Live at Wacken, 2001
- Grave Digger – Tunes Of Wacken, 2002
- Twisted Sister – Live at Wacken: The Reunion, 2005
- Bloodbath – The Wacken Carnage, 2005
- Scorpions – Live at Wacken Open Air 2006
- Emperor – Live at Wacken Open Air 2006
- Dimmu Borgir – The Invaluable Darkness, 2007
- Rage – Live in Wacken 2007 (bonus DVD for the album Carved in Stone), 2008
- Mambo Kurt – The Orgel Has Landed: Live at Wacken, 2008
- Avantasia – The Flying Opera, 2008
- Die Apokalyptischen Reiter – Tobsucht (Reitermania over Wacken & Party.San), 2008
- Atheist – Unquestionable Presence: Live at Wacken, 2009
- Heaven & Hell: Neon Nights – Live at Wacken – 30 Years of Heaven & Hell (CD & DVD format), 2009
- Exodus – Shovel Headed Tour Machine – Live at Wacken, 2010
- Grave Digger – The clans are still marching, 2010
- Immortal – The Seventh Date of Blashyrkh, 2010
- Rage – Live in Wacken 2009 (bonus DVD for the album Strings to a Web), 2010
- At the Gates – Purgatory Unleashed: Live at Wacken, 2010
- Running Wild – The final Jolly Roger
- Motörhead – The Wörld Is Ours Vol. 2: Anyplace Crazy as Anywhere Else, 2011
- Saxon – Heavy Metal Thunder – Live – Eagles Over Wacken, 2012
- Sacred Reich – Live At Wacken Open Air, 2012
- Degradead – Live at Wacken And Beyond, 2012
- Megaherz – Götterdämmerung: Live At Wacken 2012, 2012
- Gorgoroth – Live at Wacken 2008, 2012
- God Seed – Live at Wacken, 2012
- Atrocity – Die Gottlosen Jahre – Live In Wacken, 2012
- Ministry – Enjoy The Quiet: Live at Wacken 2012, 2013
- Airbourne – Live at Wacken 2011, 2013
- Nightwish – Showtime Storytime, 2013
- Alice Cooper – Raise The Dead : Live From Wacken, 2014
- Circle II Circle – Live at Wacken (Official Bootleg), 2014
- Deep Purple – From the Setting Sun … In Wacken (recorded in 2013), 2015
- Sabaton – Heroes On Tour, 2015
- Savatage – Return to Wacken, 2015
- Europe – War Of Kings Special Edition, DVD/BluRay 2 Live at Wacken, 2015
- Danko Jones – Live at Wacken (recorded in 2015), 2016
- Judas Priest – Battle Cry, 2016
- Unisonic – Live in Wacken, 2017
- Hansen & Friends – Thank You Wacken live, 2017
- Arch Enemy – As The Stages Burn! (recorded in 2016), 2017
- Status Quo – Down Down & Dirty at Wacken (recorded in 2017), 2018
- Accept – Symphonic Terror - Live at Wacken 2017, 2018
Further reception
In her crime novels Tod in Wacken and Der Teufel von Wacken, author Heike Denzau places her storylines at Wacken Open Air, describing the location as well as the festival and its visitors.[87]
Further reading
- Till Burgwächter: Zwischen Aasbüttel und Vahlenmoor. Die Wahrheit!!! – über Wacken. Oidium, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-9809697-5-4 → edition 2011; ISBN 978-3-934896-35-2.
- Andreas Schöwe: Wacken Roll – Das größte Heavy Metal-Festival der Welt. 2., updated and extended edition. Hannibal Verlag, Höfen 2012, ISBN 978-3-85445-376-5.
References
- "Metal Festival Landkarte 2015 für Deutschland & Österreich | Disctopia Metal Webzine" (in German). Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- Schöwe, Andreas (2012). Wacken Roll – Das größte Heavy Metal-Festival der Welt. Höfen. pp. 18–19.
- Schöwe, Andreas (Spring 2013). "Das W:O:A – Die Story in Zeitraffer". Wacken inside: 16–19.
- Schöwe, Andreas (2012). Wacken Roll – Das größte Heavy Metal-Festival der Welt. Höfen. pp. 19–22.
- Schöwe, Andreas (2012). Wacken Roll – Das größte Heavy Metal-Festival der Welt. Höfen. pp. 22–24.
- "Billing 1991".
- "WOA 2019: Wikipedia Fakt oder Fiktion: Wacken-Gründer machen Faktencheck".
- Eckhorst, Tim. "25 Jahre Wacken".
- Schöwe, Andreas (2012). Wacken Roll – Das größte Heavy Metal-Festival der Welt. Höfen. pp. 24–26.
- "Billing 1992".
- Schöwe, Andreas (2012). Wacken Roll – Das größte Heavy Metal-Festival der Welt. Höfen. pp. 27–30.
- Schöwe, Andreas (2012). Wacken Roll – Das größte Heavy Metal-Festival der Welt. Höfen. pp. 30–31.
- Schöwe, Andreas (2012). Wacken Roll – Das größte Heavy Metal-Festival der Welt. Höfen. pp. 32–33.
- „News" from Hamburger Abendblatt, 6. August 1996, p. 12
- Andreas Schöwe: Wacken Roll – Das größte Heavy Metal-Festival der Welt. Höfen 2012, p. 35–37
- press conference in 2006 (source needed)
- "News on wacken.com".
- "W:O:A Soccercup". Archived from the original on 8 August 2016.
- "Full Metal Church".
- "Die ersten Bands für das Wacken Open Air 2019". wacken.com. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Wahnsinn Wacken – Sold Out!!!". wacken.com.
- Information provided by mayor Axel Kunkel
- "Wacken Metal Radio – Heavy Metal Radio – Metalcore & Grindcore – RauteMusik.FM Internetradio". Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Das W:O:A ist zum zehnten Mal SOLD OUT!!!".
- "Holger Hübner: Darum ist das WOA 2017 noch nicht ausverkauft". SHZ.de. 20 August 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "WOA ist ausverkauft – alle 75.000 Tickets sind weg". SHZ.de. 13 June 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Nachruf Thomas Hess". Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Best Major Festival – das W:O:A 2018 gewinnt bei den European Festival Awards". wacken.com. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Das 30. Wacken Open Air ist ausverkauft!". wacken.com. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Coronavirus: Wacken heavy metal festival called off due to outbreak". Deutsche Welle. 16 April 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- "WACKEN OPEN AIR 2021 – FIRST LINEUP ANNOUNCEMENT INCLUDES JUDAS PRIEST, AS I LAY DYING, VENOM, AND MORE". BraveWords. 1 August 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- Eckhorst, Tim (2008). Metall macht Musik. TheNextArt Verlag. p. 83. ISBN 978-3-939400-18-9.
- "Anwohner besänftigt: Wacken darf weiter rocken". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- W:O:A press kit 2018
- "Wacken - 25 Jahre Metal-Mythos". wacken.saz.de. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Wacken Open Air 2017: Bier-Pipeline liefert 10.000 Liter pro Stunde". RP Online. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Mehr Sound und neue Namen – die Bühnen im Infield!". wacken.com. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Ein Vierteljahrhundert Wacken Open Air ist History!!!". wacken.com. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Infos zum Vorverkauf für das W:O:A 2017". wacken.com. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Metal4nature". wacken.com.
- "Wacken, Nature One und Co. – Vodafone rüstet sein Netz für den Festivalsommer". vodafone.de.
- "Wacken-Fans machen sich auf den Heimweg". Archived from the original on 4 August 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Wacken 2011: 95.000 Fans rockten am weltweit größten Heavy Metal Festival". studium.at. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Heavy-Metal-Treffen: Polizei schnappt drei Diebesbanden in Wacken". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Unfalltod überschattet Wacken-Bilanz". Franfurter Rundschau online. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
- "Todesfall bei Musik-Festival in Wacken: Metal-Fan leblos aufgefunden". Focus online. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Böller-Explosion in Wacken – Feuerwehrmann: "Es war alles ganz anders"". shz.de. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "16-Jähriger beim Wacken Open Air verletzt". Kieler Nachrichten. 1 August 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Metal Battle". Metal Battle. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Wacken Foundation". Wacken Foundation. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Carl Zeiss Jena läuft mit Wacken auf der Brust auf". mdr.de.
- "Wacken: Metal-Fans lassen sich anzapfen". shz.de. 14 June 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Wacken und die DKMS – Laut und erfolgreich". DKMS. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Stark gegen Krebs". wacken.com.
- "Full Metal Cruise: Heavy Metal auf hoher See". Hamburg.de. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Hamburg Metal Dayz – gepflegter Krach in der Markthalle". hh-mittendrin.de. 23 September 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "METAL HAMMER präsentiert: W:O:A Roadshow 2014". Metal Hammer. 9 April 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- press kit ICS Network, Zum Wackinger, September 2016 (p. 37)
- "WWN 2018 Festival ABC und Pläne verfügbar!". wacken-winter-nights.com. 2 February 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Ein Märchen aus Eis und Feuer – Die Wacken Winter Nights 2018 gehen zu Ende!". wacken-winter-nights.com. 25 February 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Die Wacken Winter Nights 2019 gehen zu Ende!". wacken-winter-nights.com. 24 February 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- press kit ICS Network, Fisherman’s Friend StrongmanRun Goes Heavy In Wacken, September 2016 (p. 36)
- "Festival "Wacken rocks Seaside" beginnt in Aurich". BILD.de. 25 August 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Full Metal Mountain – das Datum steht!". full-metal-mountain.com. 17 March 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Full Metal Mountain 2019 abgesagt…". Rockmagazine.net. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Full Metal Holiday". full-metal-holiday.com. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Heavy-Metal-Reise nach Mallorca auf 2018 verschoben". mallorcamagazin.com. 12 October 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Wacken 2011 ist History". wacken.com.
- "Wacken 2012 ist History". wacken.com.
- "Wacken 2013 ist History". wacken.com.
- "Das W:O:A 2015 ist History!". wacken.com. 2 August 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Das W:O:A 2016 ist History!". wacken.com. 7 August 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Wieder neuer Rekord! Wacken 2016 blitzartig ausverkauft". bild.de. 4 August 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "WOA 2017: Bands, Besucher, Geschichte". ndr.com.
- "Wacken Open Air 2006". wdr.de. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Wacken Open Air 2007". wdr.de. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Wacken Open Air 2009". wdr.de. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "ZDF reportage - Ein Dorf und 100.000 Rockfans - Das Heavy Metal Festival in Wacken". 4 November 2008. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "OKBO – Homepage". Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Metaller die auf Brüste starren". programmkino.de. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- o. V., Wirtschaftswoche nr. 33/2009, p. 98
- "Das Wacken Open Air live". Spiegel ONLINE. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- "Wahnsinn Wacken". DMAX. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- http://www.dmax.de/programme/dmax-doku/videos/dmax-doku-road-to-wacken-teil-1/
- http://www.dmax.de/programme/dmax-doku/videos/dmax-doku-road-to-wacken-teil-2/
- "Arte zeigt "Wacken - Der Film": Darf es auch ein bisschen lauter sein?". faz.net. 2 July 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- Denzau, Heike (2013). Tod in Wacken. Cologne: Emons Verlag. ISBN 978-3-95451-064-1.
External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wacken Open Air. |