Waanyi

The Waanyi people, also spelt Wanyi, Wanji, or Waanji, are an Aboriginal Australian people from south of the Gulf of Carpentaria in Queensland and the Northern Territory.

Language

The Waanyi language, now moribund, had some 10 speakers in 1981, mainly to the west of Doomadgee.[1] It is classified as one of the Garrwan languages.[2]

Country

The Waanyi territory was in well-watered limestone and sandstone country, including parts of the Gregory River. In Norman Tindale's estimation, the Waanyi held about 9,700 square miles (25,000 km²) of territory, extending from the vicinity of the south of the upper Nicholson River,[3] west of Corinda, and at Spring and Lawn Hill creeks. Their eastern extension lay at the Barkly (Barclay) River, Lawn Hill and Bannockburn. Their western frontier was at Old Benmara, and southwest they roamed as far as Mount Morgan.[4]

They lay south of the Kunindiri[5] and Garrwa people, west of the Injilarija and Nguburinji tribes,[6] and east of the Wambaya and Wakaya tribes.

History

The whole area of the north was affected deeply by the pastoral boom opened up in 1881 in the Northern Territory, with massive stations under the control of a few eastern investors hastily stocked with cattle: the key watering sites were locked out, tribes were shot at sight, and many groups moved east into the Gulf of Carpentaria, where the same phenomenon repeated itself. The Waanyi and the Garrwa, like many tribes local to the area that found their lands taken over for pastoral leases and resisted dispossession, found themselves threatened. The Eastern Waanyi were wiped out:[7] settler vigilantes and police magistrates employed native mounted troopers to ambush, murder and massacre any aboriginal groups they came across. The lessees of Gregory Downs submitted testimony in 1880 that the police rounded up blacks and then shot them, while that of Lawn Hill fived years later said that on his cattle run alone police had shot over a hundred blacks in three years, without achieving their aim of stopping the killing of livestock.[8] The displaced Waanyi eventually took over the territory in the Lawn Hill area of the extinct Injilarija.[9]

Native title

The Waanyi first lodged a native title claim over an area known to them traditionally as Wugujaji in June 1994.[10] Under a Queensland Government land act of 1989, CZL was granted two mining leases covering 23,585 hectares extending through Waanyi land the Century Mine was established on it.[11] Eventually the terms of a settlement were agreed on, and CZL paid funding, training and employment to the traditional peoples, an accord known as the $90 million offer.[12]

The Waanyi claim a right to co-manage both the Boodjamulla National Park and Riversleigh, the latter holding the richest Oligocene and Miocene mammalian and reptile fossil field in the world.[13]

Notable people

• Alexis Wright, a writer of Waanyi descent whose novel Carpentaria (2006) won the prestigious Australian Miles Franklin Award.[14]

Alternative names

• Waangyee
• Wanee
• Wanji
• Wanyee
• Wonyee

Source: Tindale 1974, p. 237

Notes

Citations

1. Moseley 2008, p. 836.
2. Mushin 2013, p. 5.
3. Trigger 1992, p. 26.
4. Tindale 1974, p. 237.
5. Basedow 1907, p. 3.
6. Trigger 2015, p. 56.
7. Roberts 2005, pp. 274–292,274.
8. Evans 2007, p. 137.
9. Sutton 2004, p. 5.
10. Harwood 2002, p. 85.
11. Harwood 2002, p. 82.
12. Harwood 2002, p. 86.
13. Smith 2008, p. 165.
14. Ravenscroft 2016, pp. 59–79,76ff..

Sources

• Basedow, Herbert (1907). "Anthropological notes on the Western Coastal tribes of the Northern Territory of South Australia". Journal of the Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 31: 1–62.
• Evans, Raymond (2007). A History of Queensland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87692-6.
• Harwood, Alison (2002). "Indigenous Sovereignty and Century Zinc". In Evans, Geoffrey Russell; Goodman, James; Lansbury, Nina (eds.). Moving Mountains: Communities Confront Mining and Globalization. Zed Books. pp. 159–171. ISBN 978-1-842-77199-0.
• Kerwin, Dale (2011). Aboriginal Dreaming Paths and Trading Routes: The Colonisation of the Australian Economic Landscape. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-845-19529-8.
• Mathews, R. H. (1899). "Divisions of tribes in the Northern Territory". Journal of the Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. 33: 111–114.
• Mathews, R. H. (July–September 1900). "The Wombya Organization of the Australian Aborigines". American Anthropologist. 2 (3): 494–501. doi:10.1525/aa.1900.2.3.02a00050. JSTOR 658964.
• Moseley, Christopher (2008). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79640-2.
• Mushin, Ilana (2013). A Grammar of (Western) Garrwa. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-1-614-51241-7.
• Ravenscroft, Alison (2016) [First published 2012]. The Postcolonial Eye: White Australian Desire and the Visual Field of Race. Routledge. pp. 59–79. ISBN 978-1-317-01969-5.
• Roberts, Tony (2005). Frontier Justice: A History of the Gulf Country to 1900. University of Queensland Press. ISBN 978-0-702-24083-6.
• Shadforth; Mathews, R. H. (1898). "Group divisions and initiation ceremonies of the Barkungee tribes". Journal of the Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. 32: 241–255.
• Sharp, Lauriston (December 1935). "Semi-Moieties in North-Western Queensland". Oceania. 6 (2): 158–174. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1935.tb00178.x. JSTOR 40327545.
• Smith, Laurajane (2008). "Empty Gestures? Heritage and the Politics of Recognition". In Silverman, Helaine; Ruggles, D. Fairchild (eds.). Cultural Heritage and Human Rights: Cultural heritage in a globalized world. Springer. pp. 159–171. ISBN 978-0-387-76579-2.
• Spencer, Baldwin (1914). Native tribes of the Northern Territory of Australia (PDF). London: Macmillan Publishers.
• Sutton, Peter (2004). Native Title in Australia: An Ethnographic Perspective. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-44949-6.
• Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Wanji (NT)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.
• Trigger, David (2015). "Change and Succession in Aboriginal Claims to Land". In Toner, P.G. (ed.). Strings of Connectedness: Essays in honour of Ian Keen. Australian National University Press. pp. 53–73. ISBN 978-1-925-02263-6.
• Trigger, David Samuel (1992). Whitefella Comin': Aboriginal Responses to Colonialism in Northern Australia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-40181-4.