WD Austerity 2-8-0

The War Department (WD) "Austerity" 2-8-0 is a type of heavy freight steam locomotive that was introduced in 1943 for war service. A total of 935 were built, making this one of the most-produced classes of British steam locomotive.

WD Austerity 2-8-0
90733 at Haworth, 15 July 2007
Type and origin Power type Steam Designer R.A. Riddles Builder North British Locomotive Company Vulcan Foundry Build date 1943–45 Total produced 935
Specifications Configuration: ​  • Whyte 2-8-0  • UIC 1′D h2 Gauge 4 ft 8 ^1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) Leading dia. 3 ft 2 in (965 mm) Driver dia. 4 ft 8 ^1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) Length 63 ft 6 in (19.35 m) over buffers Axle load 15 long tons 12 cwt (34,900 lb or 15.9 t) Adhesive weight 61 long tons 5 cwt (137,200 lb or 62.2 t) Loco weight 70 long tons 5 cwt (157,400 lb or 71.4 t) Tender weight 55 long tons 10 cwt (124,300 lb or 56.4 t) Fuel type Coal Fuel capacity 9 long tons 0 cwt (20,200 lb or 9.1 t) Water cap 5,000 imperial gallons (23,000 l; 6,000 US gal) Firebox:  • Firegrate area 28.6 sq ft (2.66 m^2) Boiler pressure 225 lbf/in^2 (1.55 MPa) Heating surface:  • Tubes 1,068 sq ft (99.2 m^2)  • Flues 451 sq ft (41.9 m^2)  • Firebox 168 sq ft (15.6 m^2) Superheater: ​  • Type 28-element Melesco  • Heating area 298 sq ft (27.7 m^2) Cylinders Two, outside Cylinder size 19 in × 28 in (483 mm × 711 mm) Valve gear Walschaerts Valve type 10-inch (250 mm) piston valves
Performance figures Tractive effort 34,215 lbf (152.20 kN)
Career Power class 8F Axle load class Route availability 6 Disposition One preserved, remainder scrapped.

Overview

The Austerity 2-8-0 was based on the LMS Class 8F, which until that point had been the government's standard design. Various modifications were made to the 8F design by R.A. Riddles in order to prioritise low cost over design life. These included a boiler of simpler construction which was parallel rather than tapered and a round-topped firebox rather than a Belpaire firebox. The firebox was made of steel rather than the rarer and more expensive copper.

The North British Locomotive Company (NBL) of Glasgow built 545 (split between their two works at Hyde Park and Queen's Park) and the Vulcan Foundry (VF) of Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire, built 390. North British also built a larger 2-10-0 version.

WD numbers	Builder	Works Nos.	Quantity	Date
800–879	NBL (Queen's Park)	24891–970	80	1944
7000–49	NBL (Hyde Park)	24971–25020	50	1943
7050–7149	VF	4866–4965	100	1943
7150–7262	NBL (Hyde Park)	25021–170	113	1943
7263–7299			37	1944
7300–7416	NBL (Queen's Park)	25171–320	117	1943
7417–49			33	1944
7450–64	VF	4966–80	15	1943
7465–7509		4981–5025	45	1944
8510–30	NBL (Queen's Park)	25321–70	21	1944
8531–59	NBL (Hyde Park)		29	1945
8560–8611		25371–435	52	1944
8612–8624			13	1945
8625–8718	VF	5026–5119	94	1944
9177–9243		5120–86	67	1944
9244–9312		5187–5255	69	1945

WD nos. 800–879 were ordered as LMS Class 8F. No. 9312, the last one built, was named Vulcan when new. NBL builder's plates were not all in correct sequence, and were mixed up between the two works as well as between batches. All locomotives had their WD numbers increased by 70000 prior to shipping to mainland Europe; those completed after 5 September 1944 carried their 70000 series numbers from new. All but three (WD nos. 77223, 77369 and 79250) saw service with the British Army in mainland Europe after D-Day.[1][2]

Post-war disposal

After the end of the conflict, the War Department disposed of 930 locomotives (Two engines being retained by the War Department and three being scrapped).

After the Second World War, 200 were sold to the LNER, who classified them as "Class O7" and numbered them 3000–3199. In 1948, 533 more were purchased by the British Transport Commission.

With the formation of British Railways, the 733 locomotives were renumbered into the 90000–90732 series. Only one of these, No. 90732, was named, becoming Vulcan after the Vulcan Foundry where many of the locomotives were built.

In 1946, 12 were exported to the British colony of Hong Kong to work the Kowloon-Canton Railway. Six were scrapped in 1956, but the final two survived until September 1962.

The other 184 locomotives remained in mainland Europe, mostly working in and around the Netherlands for Nederlandse Spoorwegen.

Finally, one went to the USATC in an exchange for an USATC S160 Class locomotive in the Postwar exchange of WD and USATC locomotives.

No. of engines	Country	Company	Class	Local numbers
733	Great Britain	British Railways (BR)	BR ex-WD Austerity 2-8-0	90000–90732
184*	Netherlands	Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS)	NS 4300 class	4301–4537 (with gaps)
12	Hong Kong	Kowloon-Canton Railway (KCR)	KCR ex-WD Austerity 2-8-0	21-32
1	United States	US Army Transportation Corps
* Of the NS engines, 2 subsequently were sold to Swedish State Railways forming SJ Class G11.

Postwar WD service

Two locomotives continued to be held in WD stock, seeing service on the Longmoor Military Railway in Hampshire, along with two of the WD Austerity 2-10-0s and other smaller locomotives. In the WD 1957 renumbering scheme, they were renumbered 400/1. Details were as follows:

WD No.	WD 1957 No.	Name	Builder	Works No.	Date built	Notes
77337	400	Sir Guy Williams	North British (Queens Park)	25205	1943	Name previously on 78672
79250	401	Major General McMullen	Vulcan Foundry	5193	1945

Accidents and incidents

• Soham rail disaster: On 2 June 1944, WD locomotive No. 7337 was hauling a freight train which caught fire as it approached Soham, Cambridgeshire. The train consisted of 51 wagons carrying bombs. The train was divided behind the burning wagon, with the front portion being taken forward with the intention of isolating the wagon in open countryside. Its cargo detonated at Soham station, killing the fireman and the Soham signalman and injuring the train's driver and guard. Soham station was severely damaged, but the line was re-opened within eighteen hours. For their actions, Benjamin Gimbert and James Nightall were awarded George Crosses.[3]
• On 16 August 1945, WD locomotives 77125 and 77238 were involved in a head-on collision near Kleve, North Rhine-Westphalia, West Germany. Both locomotives were scrapped.[4]
• On 6 November 1945, NS 4485 (ex WD 77183) was written off after a collision near Kranenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, West Germany. The locomotive was eventually scrapped in January 1947.[4]
• On 17 September 1950, WD locomotive No. 77195 ran away from Nevill Hill Locomotive Shed, Leeds, Yorkshire and subsequently crashed through buffers at Marsh Lane Goods Yard, Leeds.[5]
• On 2 December 1953, locomotive No. 90048 ran off the end of the loop at Billingham, County Durham whilst hauling a train. An express freight train ran into the wreckage and was derailed.[6]

Preservation

Main articles: SJ G11 and WD Austerity 2-8-0 79257

One WD 2-8-0 has survived. Vulcan Foundry works No. 5200 was repatriated from Sweden to the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway. It was SJ Class G11 number 1931. It was overhauled to its original condition, finished in 2007, which involved building a new cab and tender, become BR "No. 90733". After test runs, 90733 ran its first passenger train on Monday 23 July 2007.

Gallery

• 
  77509 being unloaded at Hong Kong (1947)
• 
  90323 fresh out of Swindon Works (1954)
• 
  90074 at West Hartlepool shed north-east of England (1967)

See also

• BR ex-WD Austerity 2-8-0 - locomotives of the class taken into British Rail service

References

1. Boddy et al. 1983, pp. 118–119.
2. Pollock, D.R.; White, D.E. (1946). The 2-8-0 and 2-10-0 Locomotives of the War Department 1939-1945. Anerley: RCTS. pp. 11–34.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
3. Boddy et al. 1983, p. 133.
4. Boddy et al. 1983, p. 130.
5. Trevena, Arthur (1981). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 2. Redruth: Atlantic Books. p. 34. ISBN 0-906899 03 6.
6. Hoole, Ken (1983). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 4. Truro: Atlantic Books. p. 8. ISBN 0-906899-07-9.

• Boddy, M. G.; Brown, W. A.; Neve, E.; Yeadon, W. B. (November 1983). Fry, E. V. (ed.). Locomotives of the L.N.E.R., Part 6B: Tender Engines—Classes O1 to P2. Kenilworth: RCTS. ISBN 0-901115-54-1.
• Rowledge, J.W.P. Heavy Goods Engines of the War Department Vol. 3 Austerity 2-8-0 and 2-10-0
• Tourret, R. (1995). Allied Military Locomotives of the Second World War. Abingdon, Oxon: Tourret Publishing. ISBN 0-905878-06-X.

External links

• LNER O7 locomotives