Voice acting in the United States
Voice acting makes an important contribution to many films, television productions and advertisements in the United States. Voice acting is needed in animated film or when the character represented does not appear visually in the action; when the actor playing the part is unable or unwilling to speak in it; when a character breaks into song, with a singer's voice substituted; or when a boy's voice part is spoken by a Woman or by a Girl or by a Man or a Boy with a high-pitched or low-keyed voice.
Formerly, promotion of films did not usually feature their voice actors. However, since the prominently billed voice role of Robin Williams in the 1992 film Aladdin, films have frequently been marketed with well-known names as voice actors, billed as stars in their own right, and often receiving coaching by specialist voice actors.
In television and radio commercials and movie trailers, voice actors are often recruited through voice acting agencies. Ernie Anderson, Dan Castellaneta, Don LaFontaine, Jim Cummings, Tony Anselmo, James Earl Jones and others have made careers in this field.
Broadcast media
For live action production, voice acting often involves reading the parts of computer programs (Douglas Rain; Majel Barrett), radio dispatchers (Shaaron Claridge), or characters who never actually appear on screen but who give instructions by telephone (John Forsythe in Charlie's Angels), or mailed recording (Bob Johnson in Mission: Impossible). "Stunt double" voice actors are sometimes employed; if a voice actor or actress loses his or her voice, someone who sounds similar can step in. For example, when Jeremy Irons' vocal cords became strained during the recording of The Lion King song "Be Prepared", Jim Cummings was called in to finish the song.
It is not unusual to find among the ranks of voice actors people who also act in live-action film or television, or on the stage (see e.g., J. Scott Smart, an "old time radio" actor). For those actors, voice acting has the advantage of offering acting work without having to bother with makeup, costuming, lighting, and so on. An occasional advantage is the fact that through voice acting, an actor can reprise a role that he has played in live action but would be otherwise too aged to portray. An example of this is Walter Koenig in Star Trek New Voyages who reprises his role as Lt. Pavel Chekov.
Female voice actors in male roles
A common practice in animation and dubbing is to cast a woman to play the role of a young boy. On The Simpsons, for example, Nancy Cartwright plays Bart Simpson and several other juvenile males. Other voice actresses who would fit this criterion are Debi Derryberry who voices Jimmy Neutron on The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius or Tara Strong, who voices Timmy Turner, Poof, and other young boys on The Fairly OddParents (among other shows), and continues with Regina King as the voice of Huey and Riley Freeman on the Adult Swim show The Boondocks, and Alanna Ubach who voiced Manny Rivera/El Tigre on El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera. This casting practice goes back to the early 1930s with actresses such as Mae Questel providing the voices of various male babies and children in Fleischer Studios cartoons, and continues to this very day. June Foray, even into her late nineties, could still faithfully voice Rocket J. Squirrel until her passing in 2017. Hamtaro from Hi! Hamtaro is voiced by Chiarra Zanni. Casting adult women for these parts can be especially useful if an ad campaign or a developed series is expected to run for several years, for while the vocal characteristics of a male child actor would change over time, the voice of an adult female will not. On the downside, a woman would require a higher wage than a child actor.
There are also less common instances in which a production has a predominantly female voice cast, some of the actors portraying male characters. The best known example(s) would be Rugrats and its spinoff, All Grown Up! (both shows had an all-female voice cast).
Notable exceptions to using women to voice young boy characters are the Peanuts animated specials and films, in which boys were actually cast to read the boys' lines (e.g., Charlie Brown, Linus, Schroeder).[1] In South Park, the authors Trey Parker and Matt Stone are also voice actors for most male roles, especially the boys: Parker voices Stan, Cartman and others while Stone is the voice of Kyle, Kenny, Butters and others. South Park kids' voices are pitched up a little in order to seem more "childish". In addition, kindergarten kids on the show are voiced by actual young children for realism. "Little people," adult males of short stature who retained their youthful voices, were also sometimes employed; notably radio actors Dick Beals as Speedy Alka-Seltzer and several child voices for Hanna-Barbera, and Walter Tetley as the last voice of Andy Panda and as Sherman in Peabody's Improbable History.
Pixar Animation Studios also casts boys instead of women to voice young male characters. As of 2018, all male roles in their full-length films have been played by male voice actors.
Rise in use of film actors for voice roles
For much of the history of North American animation, voice actors had a predominantly low profile as performers, with Mel Blanc the major exception. Other early exceptions include Cliff Edwards in Pinocchio, Edward Brophy in Dumbo, Guinn Williams in Mr. Bug Goes to Town, Peggy Lee in Lady and the Tramp, and Jim Backus as Mister Magoo in a long running series of short cartoons. Over time, many movie stars began voice acting in films, with some of the earliest examples being "Gay Purr-ee", starring the voices of Judy Garland, Robert Goulet, Red Buttons, Hermione Gingold, and Morey Amsterdam, and The Jungle Book, which counted among its cast contemporary stars such as Phil Harris, Sebastian Cabot, Louis Prima, George Sanders and Sterling Holloway. On TV, the Rankin-Bass studio employed the voices of such notable performers as Burl Ives, James Cagney, Jimmy Durante, Danny Kaye, Mickey Rooney, and Buddy Hackett in their animated specials; Filmation used the talents of Ed Asner and Alan Oppenheimer; and popular comic actor Paul Lynde voiced several characters in Hanna-Barbera series, but refused to take on-screen credit for his work there. The most notable voice talent that lent her voice for many studios' projects in the modern era was the late Linda Gary, who handled many major roles in film and television (many of which was for the Filmation studio, and often working with friend and colleague Ed Asner). Though she passed away in 1995, her voice continues to be used today in many recent animated films via archival recordings. Corey Burton is another notable voice talent who, like Gary, performs in many television series and theatrical features to this day, especially those for the Disney studio.
But the film which truly brought about this modern perception, however was Aladdin which was marketed with a noted emphasis on Robin Williams' role, against the actor's own wishes. The success of the film eventually spurred the idea of highlighting the voice actors as stars of a film, this becoming the norm in film marketing, with a greater focus on hiring Hollywood celebrities for name power, rather than performers with most experience in voice acting, particularly the Toy Story (Tom Hanks and Tim Allen) and Shrek (Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz and Antonio Banderas) franchises. British animation has also used household names, most notably Chicken Run (Mel Gibson, Timothy Spall, Miranda Richardson and Jane Horrocks), Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (Ralph Fiennes, Helena Bonham Carter, Peter Kay and Liz Smith) and The Magic Roundabout (Tom Baker, Jim Broadbent, Joanna Lumley, Ian McKellen and Bill Nighy). By contrast, using anime voice actors as a box office draw was developed far earlier in Japan.
Some voice actors, such as Billy West, are highly critical of using movie stars for voice roles in animated feature films.[2] A particular point of contention is the practice of bringing on veteran voice actors (who are generally capable of greatly altering their voices and inflections in order to create personalities for characters) to read for a part, and then use the recording of the professional voice actor as a guide for the movie star, even though the actual character creation work is being done by the unpaid voice actor. West struck back at this practice in Comic Book: The Movie, in which the entire main cast comprises voice actors, including Jess Harnell, Lori Alan, Daran Norris, Mark Hamill and Tom Kenny. The practice of hiring singers to "fill in" for voice actors in a singing role has also seen change, as both Jeremy Irons and Mel Gibson have done singing in the respective films The Lion King and Pocahontas, rather than have a singer as substitute (However, the former did most of his own singing, but due to straining his vocal cords, he didn't finish; instead, Jim Cummings did his partial singing voice for the rest of the song).
Voice actors for commercials and local television
Voice actors have a relatively small but dedicated fan base, with appearances at large events like Comic-Con International, various anime conventions, and websites dedicated to profiling their work.
Commercials for television and radio are also cast using voice acting agencies. Ernie Anderson was one of radio's most prominent voices throughout the 1970s and 1980s and was heard on radio stations across the United States. Nationally syndicated disc jockey Casey Kasem of "American Top 40" provided the voice of Shaggy in the Scooby-Doo TV cartoon series. While Don LaFontaine filled the category of "The Voice of God" narrator of thousands of movie preview trailers until his death in 2008, Ashton Smith, Howard Parker and Ben Patrick Johnson now provide most of the narration for movie trailers. David Mark was heard around the world for various radio stations and across the country for Fox TV, UPN and ABC TV. Kareem Taylor can be heard as the promotional voice for CNN, AT&T, Taco Bell and Comedy Central.
References
- Mendelson, L: "A Charlie Brown Christmas: The Making of a Tradition" Collins, 2000
- Kyle Ryan (14 June 2005). "The A.V. Club interview with Billy West". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on May 11, 2006. Retrieved 18 June 2007. (retrieved from the Internet Archive, May 11, 2006