Vireo (genus)

Vireo is a genus of small passerine birds restricted to the New World. Vireos typically have dull greenish plumage (hence the name, from Latin virere, "to be green"), but some are brown or gray on the back and some have bright yellow underparts. They resemble wood warblers apart from their slightly larger size and heavier bills,[1] which in most species have a very small hook at the tip.[2] The legs are stout.[1]

Vireo
Bell's vireo (Vireo bellii)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Vireonidae
Genus: Vireo
Vieillot, 1808
Species

See text

Most species fall into two plumage groups: one with wing-bars and yellow or white eye-rings, and one with unmarked wings and eye-stripes; however, the Chocó vireo has both wing-bars and eye-stripes.[2]

Sexes are alike in all species except for the black-capped vireo, in which the male's crown is black and the female's is gray.[2]

Taxonomy

The genus Vireo was introduced in 1808 by the French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot.[3] The type species was subsequently designated as the white-eyed vireo (Vireo griseus) by the German ornithologist Hans Friedrich Gadow in 1883.[4][5] The word vireo was used by Latin authors for a small green migratory bird, probably a Eurasian golden oriole but a European greenfinch has also been suggested.[6]

Feeding

All members of the genus mostly eat insects and other arthropods, but also eat some fruit.[2] A common pattern is arthropods in summer and fruit in winter.[1] Vireos take prey from leaves and branches and in midair, and the gray vireo takes 5 percent of its prey from the ground.[2]

Range and territorial behavior

Most species are found in Central America and northern South America. Thirteen species occur farther north, in the United States, Canada and Bermuda;[7] of these, all but Hutton's vireo are migratory. Vireos seldom fly long distances except in migration.[2]

The resident species occur in pairs or family groups that maintain territories all year (except Hutton's vireo, which joins mixed feeding flocks). Most of the migrants defend winter territories against conspecifics. The exceptions are the complex comprising the red-eyed vireo, the yellow-green vireo, the black-whiskered vireo, and the Yucatan vireo, which winter in small wandering flocks.[2]

Voice and breeding

Males of most species are persistent singers. Songs are usually rather simple, ranging from monotonous, in some species of the Caribbean littoral and islands, to elaborate and pleasant to human ears in the Chocó vireo.[2] Calls often include "scolding chatters and mews".[1]

Blue-headed vireo

The species whose nests are known all build a cup-shaped nest that hangs from branches. Its outer layer is made of coarse leaf and bark strips or of moss, depending on the species; in either case the material is bound with spider silk and ornamented with spider egg cases. The lining is made of fine grass stems neatly circling the cup. In most species both sexes work on the nest, but the female adds the lining. In the red-eyed, black-whiskered, Yucatan, and Philadelphia vireos the male does not help, instead singing and accompanying the female while she builds the nest. The female does most of the incubation, spelled by the male except in the red-eyed vireo complex.[2]

The eggs are whitish; all but the black-capped and dwarf vireos have sparse, fine brown or red-brown spots at the wide end.[1][2] Tropical species lay two, while temperate-zone species lay four or five. Incubation lasts 11 to 13 days, and the young fledge after the same amount of time. Both sexes feed the nestlings arthropods, and each fledgeling is fed by one parent or the other (not both) for as long as 20 days.[2]

Species

The genus contains 34 species:[8]

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References
  1. Howell, Stephen N. G.; Webb, Sophie (1995). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press. pp. 614. ISBN 0-19-854012-4.
  2. Salaman, Paul; Barlow, Jon C. (2003). "Vireos". In Christopher Perrins (ed.). The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. pp. 478–479. ISBN 1-55297-777-3.
  3. Vieillot, Louis Jean Pierre (1808). Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale : contenant un grand nombre d'espèces décrites ou figurées pour la première fois (in French). Volume 1. Paris: Chez Desray. p. 83. The title page bears a date of 1807 but the volume did not appear until the following year.
  4. Gadow, Hans (1883). Catalogue of the Passeriformes or Perching Birds in the Collection of the British Museum. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Volume 8 Cichlomorphae Part V. London: Trustees of the British Museum. p. 292.
  5. Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1968). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 110–111.
  6. Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  7. Audubon Society of Bermuda: White-eyed vireo
  8. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Shrikes, vireos, shrike-babblers". World Bird List Version 9.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

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