Vifor-class destroyer

The Vifor class was a group of four destroyers ordered by Romania in 1913 and built in Italy during the First World War. The four ships were however requisitioned by Italy in 1915 and rearmed as scout cruisers (esploratori), subsequently seeing service in World War I. Two were re-purchased by Romania in 1920 and saw service in World War II. The other two were eventually sold by Italy to the Spanish Nationalists and saw service during the Spanish Civil War.

The Romanian destroyer Mărăști after 1926
Class overview
Name:	Vifor class
Builders:	Pattison, Naples
Operators:	Romanian Naval Forces  Regia Marina  Soviet Navy  Spanish Navy
Succeeded by:	Regele Ferdinand class
Built:	1914–1918
In commission:	1917–1961
Planned:	12
Completed:	4
Cancelled:	8
Retired:	4
General characteristics (As built, except for Falco)
Type:	Destroyer
Displacement:	1,594 long tons (1,620 t) (normal) 1,760 long tons (1,790 t) (full load)
Length:	94.3 m (309 ft 5 in) (o/a)
Beam:	9.5 m (31 ft 2 in)
Draft:	3.6 m (11 ft 10 in)
Installed power:	4 Thornycroft boilers 40,000 shp (30,000 kW)
Propulsion:	2 shafts; 2 geared steam turbines
Speed:	34 knots (63 km/h; 39 mph)
Range:	3,000 nmi (5,600 km; 3,500 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph)
Complement:	146
Armament:	3 × single 152 mm (6.0 in) guns 4 × single 76 mm (3.0 in) AA guns 2 × twin 457 mm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes 24–44 mines

Construction and specifications

Aquila-class scout cruiser in 1917

The four warships were ordered in 1913 by Romania, from the Pattison Shipyard in Naples, with the names Vifor, Viscol, Vârtej and Vijelie. Designed by engineer Luigi Scaglia and based on Romanian specifications, the ships were to be large destroyers armed with three 120 mm guns, four 75 mm guns, five torpedo tubes, and have a 10-hour endurance at full speed, as they were required to operate in the limited perimeter of the Black Sea. However, the four ships were interned on 5 June 1915, soon after Italy joined the war. At that time, one ship was completed 60%, one 50%, one 20% and the fourth was yet to be laid down. They were completed as scout cruisers (esploratori) and commissioned on 27 July 1916, with the names Aquila, Falco, Nibbio and Sparviero. Aquila was the first to be completed, on 8 February 1917, followed by Sparviero on 15 July, Nibbio on 15 May 1918 and Falco on 20 January 1920.[1]

The four vessels were part of a planned class of 12 units, as envisioned by the 1912 Romanian naval program.[2]

Each cruiser measured 94.7 meters in length, with a beam of 9.5 meters and a draught of 3.6 meters. Power plant consisted of Tosi turbines and five Thornycroft boilers, generating a designed output of 40,000 hp powering two shafts, which gave each warship a designed top speed of 34 knots. However, this actually oscillated between 35 and 38 knots, depending on the vessel. Each ship had a complement of 146, with ranges of 1,700 nautical miles at 15 knots and 380 nautical miles at 34 knots. Nibbio and Sparviero were each armed with three 152 mm Armstrong guns and four 76 mm dual-purpose (naval/AA) Ansaldo guns, while Aquila and Falco were each armed with two twin 120 mm guns and two 76 mm Ansaldo guns. Each warship also carried two twin 457 mm torpedo tubes and two 6.5 mm machine guns. Nibbio and Falco could also carry mines, 24 and 38 respectively.[3]

As of World War II, standard displacement amounted to 1,432 tons with a full load displacement of 1,751 tons.[4]

Sparviero and Nibbio were sold to Romania on 1 July 1920, being renamed Mărăști and Mărășești.[5]

Service with other countries

Romanian service

Mărăști during World War II

Scale model of Mărășești showing her intermediary armament, after two 76 mm guns were removed but before the midships single 120 mm gun was (one of the twin torpedo tubes is also visible on the broadside)

Mărăști and Mărășești were the most heavily-armed Axis warships in the Black Sea, and had the greatest standard displacement. Upon commissioning by Romania on 1 July 1920, Mărăști and Mărășești were re-classified as destroyers, reverting to their original designation.[6] However, English-language sources of the period refer to the two warships as flotilla leaders,[7] most likely on account of their three cruiser-typical 152 mm guns. Mărăști and Mărășești were refitted at the Galați shipyard in Romania in 1925, and sent back to Naples for rearming in 1926.[8] The two rearmed warships are also known as the Mărăști-class. As of 1939, when the Second World War started, their artillery approached cruiser standards, amounting to nine heavy naval guns (five of 120 mm and four of 76 mm). In addition, they retained their two twin 457 mm torpedo tubes as well as two machine guns, plus the capacity to carry up to 50 mines. They thus became the most heavily-armed warships in the history of the Royal Romanian Navy, apart from the battleship Potemkin, which was de facto under Romanian control for a brief time in July 1905. All these guns increased their standard displacement to 1,460 tons.[9] Three of these heavy guns (one 120 mm and two 76 mm) were removed in order to make room for two 37 mm and four 20 mm anti-aircraft guns plus two depth charge throwers (one of 900 mm and one of 330 mm).[10][11] Despite having their heavy armament reduced to destroyer standards, the two warships still presented some cruiser characteristics, such as retaining their torpedo tubes mounted on the broadsides instead of the centerline.

On 26 June 1941, Mărăști helped repel a Soviet naval attack against the main Romanian port of Constanța, together with the destroyer Regina Maria and the minelayer Amiral Murgescu. Surprised by the level of resistance and the accuracy of the return fire, the Soviet fleet withdrew, losing the destroyer leader Moskva into a Romanian minefield, laid by the Romanian minelayers Amiral Murgescu, Regele Carol I and Aurora on 19 June that year. Amiral Murgescu claimed to have shot down two Soviet aircraft during the battle and Mărăști claimed one.[12][13]

Both warships were active during the Romanian Naval campaign in the Black Sea in World War II, mainly providing escort for Axis supply convoys between Romania, the Crimea and the Bosphorus. Throughout the war, Mărăști carried out a total of 28 escort missions and Mărășești 21. There were 6 escort missions in which both warships took part, resulting in a grand total of 55 escort missions. During these missions, the Axis convoys were attacked numerous times by Soviet submarines and aviation, and many Soviet mines were also encountered. Four of the escorted ships were sunk, one by Soviet aircraft and three by Soviet submarines. On the opposite side, 1 Soviet submarine was sunk, 1 aircraft was shot down and 14 mines were shot and destroyed.[14]

After over 1 year in Soviet service (August 1944 – October 1945), the two destroyers were returned to Romania and the last one, Mărășești, served until 1965.[15]

Spanish service

Aquila and Falco were sold to the Nationalist Spanish Navy, which, in 1937 only had one destroyer available (Velasco). They were renamed Melilla and Ceuta, and saw heavy service, in spite of their poor condition. To conceal the fact that Italy was selling ships to Franco's side, the two warships were often referred to as Velasco-Ceuta and Velasco-Melilla. For further concealment and to increase the similarity to Velasco, a fourth funnel (false) was installed. After the war, they were retained by the Spanish Navy and served mainly as training ships, the last one being stricken in late 1950.[16]

Soviet service

Both ships were surrendered to the Soviets in August 1944, on the Capitulation of Romania, and were incorporated into the Black Sea Fleet as Lovkiy (Ловкий, ex-Mărăști) and Lyogkiy (Лёгкий, ex-Mărășești) but were returned to Romania in October 1945.[17]

Ships

Ship	Builder	Laid down	launched	Commissioned	Transferred to Romania/Spain	Fate
Mărăști (ex-Sparviero, ex-Vijelie)	Pattison, Naples, Italy	29 January 1914	26 March 1917	15 July 1917	1920	Stricken, 1964
Mărășești (ex-Nibbio, ex-Vârtej)		15 July 1914	30 January 1918	15 May 1918		Stricken, 1965
Melilla (ex-Aquila, ex-Vifor)		11 March 1914	26 July 1916	8 February 1917	1937	Scrapped, 1950
Ceuta (ex-Falco, ex-Viscol)		19 August 1916	16 August 1919	20 January 1920		Scrapped, 1948

References

1. Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1906–1921, Naval Institute Press, 1985, p. 266
2. Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1906–1921, Naval Institute Press, 1985, p. 421
3. Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1906–1921, Naval Institute Press, 1985, p. 266
4. M. J. Whitley, Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia, Naval Institute Press, 1988, p. 223
5. Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1906–1921, Naval Institute Press, 1985, p. 266
6. Revista istorică, Volumul 15, Edițiile 1–2, Institutul, 2004, p. 221 (in Romanian)
7. Defence Yearbook, Brassey's Naval and Shipping Annual, 1923, p. 357
8. Frederick Thomas Jane, Jane's Fighting Ships, S. Low, Marston, 1962, p. 204
9. Brassey's Annual: The Armed Forces Year-book, Praeger Publishers, 1939, p. 276
10. Janusz Piekałkiewicz, Sea War, 1939–1945, Historical Times, 1987, p. 350
11. Е. Е. Шведе, Военные флоты 1939–1940 гг., Рипол Классик, 2013, p. 119 (in Russian)
12. Antony Preston, Warship 2001–2002, pp. 70 and 71
13. Jonathan Trigg, Death on the Don: The Destruction of Germany's Allies on the Eastern Front, Chapter 3
14. Jipa Rotaru, Ioan Damaschin, Glorie și dramă: Marina Regală Română, 1940–1945, Ion Cristoiu Publishing, 2000, pp. 267–274 (in Romanian)
15. Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1906–1921, Naval Institute Press, 1985, p. 266
16. Navypedia: MELILLA destroyers (1917-1920/1937)
17. Navypedia: LIOGKIY destroyers (1917-1918/1944)

Bibliography

• Axworthy, Mark (1995). Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945. London: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 1-85409-267-7.
• Berezhnoy, Sergey (1994). Трофеи и репарации ВМФ СССР [Trophies and reparations of the Soviet Navy] (in Russian). Yakutsk: Sakhapoligrafizdat. OCLC 33334505.
• Hervieux, Pierre (2001). "The Romanian Navy at War, 1941–1945". In Preston, Antony (ed.). Warship 2001–2002. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 70–88. ISBN 0-85177-901-8.
• Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
• Rohwer, Jürgen & Monakov, Mikhail S. (2001). Stalin's Ocean-Going Fleet. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-4895-7.
• Twardowski, Marek (1980). "Romania". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 359–362. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
• Whitley, M. J. (1988). Destroyers of World War 2. London: Cassell Publishing. ISBN 1-85409-521-8.

External links