Vergilius of Salzburg

Vergilius of Salzburg (also Virgilius, Feirgil or Fergal) (born c. 700 in Ireland; died 27 November 784 in Salzburg) was an Irish churchman and early astronomer. Around 745, he left Ireland, intending to visit the Holy Land; but, like many of his countrymen, who seemed to have adopted this practice as a work of piety, he settled in France. Vergilius served as abbot of Aghaboe, bishop of Ossory and later, bishop of Salzburg. He was called "the Apostle of Carinthia"[1] and "the geometer".

Vergilius of Salzburg
Statue of Saint Vergilius at the Salzburg Cathedral
Bishop
Born	c. 700 Ireland
Died	27 November 784 Salzburg, Austria
Venerated in	Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church
Canonized	1233 by Pope Gregory IX
Feast	27 November

Biography

He originated from a noble family of Ireland, where his name was Feirgil or Fearghal, and is said to have been a descendant of Niall of the Nine Hostages. Feirgil was probably educated at the Iona monastery.[2]

In Annals of the Four Masters and Annals of Ulster, he is referenced as the Abbot of Aghaboe,[3] in County Laois, where he was known as "the Geometer" because of his knowledge of geography.[4]

Around 745, he left Ireland, intending to visit the Holy Land; but, like many of his countrymen, who seemed to have adopted this practice as a work of piety, he settled down in France, where he was received with great favour by Pippin the Younger, who was then Mayor of the Palace under Childeric III of Franconia. He was an adviser to Pippin. He probably used a copy of the "Collectio canonum Hibernensis" (an Irish collection of canon law) to advise him to receive royal unction in 751, to assist his recognition as king Pippin III after the deposition of Childeric.[5] After spending two years at Cressy, near Compiègne, he went to Bavaria, at the invitation of Duke Odilo, where he founded the monastery of Chiemsee, and within a year or two, was made Abbot of St. Peter's at Salzburg. Among his notable accomplishments was the conversion of the Alpine Slavs to Christianity; he also sent missionaries to Hungary.[4]

As Abbot of St Peter's, he came into collision with Saint Boniface. A priest having, through ignorance, conferred the Sacrament of Baptism using, in place of the correct formula, the words "Baptizo te in nomine patria et filia et spiritu sancta" (instead of "Baptizo te in nomine patris et filii et spiritus sancti"), Vergilius held that the sacrament had been validly conferred, but Boniface complained to Pope Zachary. The latter, however, decided in favour of Vergilius. Later on, Boniface accused Vergilius of spreading discord between himself and Duke Odilo of Bavaria and of teaching a doctrine in regard to men descended not from Adam, which was "contrary to the Scriptures". Pope Zachary's decision in this case was that "if it shall be clearly established that he professes belief in another world and other people existing beneath the earth, or in [another] sun and moon there, thou art to hold a council, and deprive him of his sacerdotal rank, and expel him from the church."[6]

The treatise in which Vergilius expounded his doctrine no longer exists. Two things, however, are certain: first, that there was involved the problem of original sin[lower-alpha 1] and the universality of redemption; secondly, that Vergilius succeeded in freeing himself from the charge of teaching a doctrine contrary to Scripture. It is likely that Boniface, already biased against Vergilius because of the preceding case, misunderstood him, taking it for granted, perhaps, that if there are antipodes, the "other race of men" are not descendants of Adam and were not redeemed by Christ.[3]

After the martyrdom of Boniface, Vergilius was made Bishop of Salzburg in 766 or 767 and laboured successfully for the upbuilding of his diocese as well as for the spread of Christianity in neighbouring heathen countries, especially in Carinthia.[3] He died in Salzburg on 27 November 784.

Veneration

He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. In 1233, he was formally canonized by Pope Gregory IX.[4]

His doctrine that the earth is a sphere was derived from the teaching of ancient geographers, and his belief in the existence of the antipodes was probably influenced by the accounts which the ancient Irish voyagers gave of their journeys. This, at least, is the opinion of Rettberg (Kirchengesch. Deutschlands, II, 236).

Dedications

Aside from being personally associated with Aghaboe Abbey and Salzburg Cathedral, a number of parishes around the world are dedicated to him, mostly being founded by small populations of far-flung Irish Catholics, like himself.

There is a church still bearing his name dedicated to him in Broad Channel, Queens, New York, which recently merged with another parish in 2008.[7] A parish in Morris Plains, New Jersey, is also dedicated to him.[8] Fittingly for this Irish geometer who predicted antipodes, several churches in the Southern Hemisphere are dedicated to him. St Virgil's College in Hobart, Tasmania is named for him.[9] There was a St. Virgilius Church in Balclutha, New Zealand designed by Francis Petre which moved and was re-dedicated to Mary MacKillop, however the new chapel remains dedicated to St. Virgilius.[10][11]

Art and culture

A large marble statue of him stands outside the doors of Salzburg Cathedral. A stained-glass window of St. Virgil contemplating the antipodes sits in St John's College, University of Sydney.[12][13] Sebastian Stief painted him amidst Salzburg's construction,[14] Alec Szolomiak painted him,[15] as did Jan Toorop,[16] and Dhiraja McBryde.[11] Yalumba, Australia's oldest family-owned winery, produces a Viognier named Virgilius.[17]

See also

• Modestus (Apostle of Carantania)
• Saint Vergilius of Salzburg, patron saint archive

Notes

1. In the Orthodox Church (of which Vergilius is also a saint, living before the East-West Schism of 1054), there is no doctrine of "original sin" in the legalistic Western sense, but is instead referred to as ancestral sin. See Orthodox theology for more. However, by the 8th century it must be noted that the Western part of the formally-undivided church, under the Bishop of Rome was showing clear divides with the more Greek East. Refer to the writings of Vladimir Moss and Kallistos Ware for more Orthodox perspective on the pre-Schism West.

References

1. Frederick Edward Warren (1881). The Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church. Clarendon Press. p. 45.
2. Clancy, Thomas Owen and Márkus, Gilbert. Iona: The Earliest Poetry of a Celtic Monastery, p.17, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University, 1995
3. "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Vergilius of Salzburg". www.newadvent.org.
4. "Stevens, Clifford. The One Year Book of Saints, Our Sunday Visitor Publishing Division, Our Sunday Visitor, Inc., Huntington, Indiana".
5. Enright, M.J. Iona, Tara, and Soissons: The Origin of the Royal Anointing Ritual. (Arbeiten zur Fruhmittelalterforschung, 17). Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1985. pp. ix, 198
6. MGH, Epistolae Selectae, 1, 80, pp. 178–9 ; translation in M. L. W. Laistner, Thought and Letters in Western Europe, pp. 184–5.; see also Jaffe, Biblioth. rerum germ., III, 191
7. "St. Camillus-St. Virgillus Roman Catholic Church". Stcstv.com. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
8. "Patron". St. Virgil's Parish.
9. "St Virgil's College – St Virgil's College Hobart".
10. "Beginnings". Sisters of Saint Joseph of the Sacred Heart.
11. "A Saint for this Neck of the Woods - Dhiraja". Dhiraja.srichinmoycentre.org. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
12. "Photo". www.dawsoncentre.org. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
13. Centre, Christopher Dawson (8 April 2014). "OUR GOALS | The Christopher Dawson Centre for Cultural Studies".
14. https://austria-forum.org, Austria-Forum |. "St. Virgilius erbaut den ersten Salzburger Dom". Austria-Forum.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
15. "St. Virgil-Painting-Hobart Tasmania". 29 December 2008 – via Flickr.
16. "jan-toorop.com - This website is for sale! - jan toorop Resources and Information". www.jan-toorop.com.
17. "The Virgilius Viognier ∙ Yalumba". www.yalumba.com.

Media related to Virgilius of Salzburg at Wikimedia Commons

Sources

• Laistner, M.L.W. Thought and Letters in Western Europe: A.D. 500 to 900, 2nd. ed. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Pr., 1955. ISBN 0-8014-9037-5

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Turner, William (1912). "St. Vergilius of Salzburg". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

External links

• Saint Virgilius from the EWTN library