Vaynol cattle

The Vaynol cattle is one of the United Kingdom's rarest breeds of cattle with less than 150 breeding animals registered in the UK.[5] The cattle is currently listed as “critical” on the Rare Breed Survival Trust list. There are currently three officially registered different herds of Vaynol cattle existing in the United Kingdom. Along with the Chillingham, it is one of the two types of White Park cattle.

Vaynol cattle
Conservation statusCritical[1]
Country of originGreat Britain
DistributionScotland
UseBeef; Leather[2]
Traits
Weight
  • Male:
    400–450 kg (880–990 lb)[3]
  • Female:
    300–350 kg (660–770 lb)[3]
CoatWhite with black points on the ears; black[3]
Horn statusMedium upswept horns[4]

Appearance
Look of Vaynol cattle

This endangered breed is very similar to the White Park cattle. The Vaynol cattle are primitive and angular in appearance with curved hocks and a sloping rump. They can be white with black spots or completely black. The coloring of the spots is found on the ears, eyelids, hooves, nose, on the point of the horns and they sometimes have black socks. The females can have black teats on their udders. Males have long horns, developed outside of the head, which are flicked upwards. Females do not have horns. Bulls weigh from 400–450 kg (880–990 lb) and cows weigh from 300–350 kg (660–770 lb).[4][6]

Behaviour

The herd has been moved from Vaynol Park and is now being taken care of by humans. However, they are still not domesticated and distrust humans.[6] The Vaynol cattle was considered wild in the past, but due to its current endangered status and thus increased contact with humans, they are now considered semi-feral.[3] Their nutritional requirements are low due to the animal's small size and weight. They are classified as upland beef. Their suitability in grazing conservation is described as follows:

  • They are hardy, thrifty breeds well suited for use in a wide range of conservation grazing situations.
  • Their small-medium size and weight makes them less likely to damage sensitive swards and soft soils.
  • They grow slow and mature late, making it unlikely for them to complete their physical development within the usual 30 month maturation period, unless given supplementary feeding.[7]

History

The Vaynol cattle originates from a herd in Scotland. The history of the breed dates back over 100 years, beginning with a semi-wild herd, originally established in 1872 in Vaynol Park, North Wales.[8]

It was kept there until the death of the owner Sir Michael Duff in 1980, when the estate was sold and it was moved to a series of locations in England. This type of herd has never existed in large numbers and the present type is descended from a small number of founders. Back in 1989 there was only one existing herd.

Four years later the herd was purchased by the Rare Breeds Survival Trust (RBST) and moved four times in search of a permanent home. The original herd now resides at Temple Newsam Home Farm, West Yorkshire, in the United Kingdom. It is run by Leeds City Council.[9]

The Home Farm, which is open to the public, includes a barn which was built in 1694. It is the largest working rare breeds farm in Europe and the only one of 16 national farms being approved by the Rare Breeds Survival Trust . The Trust is responsible for the herdbook of the Vaynol and owns the majority of the breeding animals. The cattle mainly resides in large green meadows surrounded by barriers, in large estates and national parks. Like closely relate breeds such as the White Park and Chillingham cattle, the Vaynol is a remnant of the ancient white cattle that once roamed Great Britain.

Location of Temple Newsam Home Farm

In 2009, the Vaynol cattle based at Temple Newsam were separated into two different herds for the first time. Three cows were brought to Lincolnshire, a county located 70 miles (110 km) away from Temple Newsam. The beginnings of a third herd of this breed were formed in 2012 with the support of The Prince of Wales's Charitable Foundation.[10] The donation enabled the RBST to purchase a Vaynol heifer called Templeson Ursula, which - together with its sister Una - is taken care of by RBST members Derek and Cindy Steen in Scotland.

Threat of extinction

General information

The Vaynol cattle is one of the United Kingdom's rarest breeds of cattle with less than 150 breeding animals registered in the UK.[5] The Rare Breeds Survival Trust is a UK charity organisation, which aims to conserve and protect national rare farm animals from extinction.[3] The cattle is currently listed as “critical” on the Rare Breed Survival Trust list. The Trust is trying to keep this rare breed alive by organizing the care of the still existing herds. One important measure is the setting in place of various breeding programs to avoid inbreeding, which is very dangerous within such a small number of animals.[6]

Measures of protection

In 2006, a five-year conservation programme was started by the Rare Breeds Survival Trust and Temple Newsam in order to establish a genetic profile of the breed. This aims to reduce the levels of inbreeding and is thus an important measure of protection. In 2007, the first calf was born by artificial insemination. The semen used were collected from a bull 30 years ago.[8]

The breeding procedure remained unsuccessful at any other place but Temple Newsam Home Farm until relatively recently. The standards set at Temple Newsam for saving and promoting the UK's livestock heritage have been used as a benchmark for other agencies.

In 2009 a new satellite herd was created at East Torrington in Lincolnshire. This has been a very important step to conserve the future of Vaynol cattle by widening the future breeding stock. The Vaynol's live on 15 acres of grazing land owned by Lincoln farmer and RBST Trustees Neville and Maureen Turner. On 23 August 2013 a female calf was born after the mother, Templeson Tania, had been artificially inseminated at East Torrington. There are now 5 cows and 4 heifers plus this new calf at the agisted herd in Lincolnshire.[5]

The third herd, formed in 2012 with help from The Prince of Wales's Charitable Foundation, consists of 4 cows and 2 heifers. They are also likely to take part in the artificial insemination process. Keeping this third herd of Vaynol cattle in Scotland again ensures a wider distribution of the breed, which will help to protect it in the case of an outbreak of serious disease.[10]

  • Vaynol cattle in England
  • Look of Vaynol cattle
  • Cow with Vaynol calf in Scotland
  • Vaynol bull
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References
  1. "Watchlist 2014" (PDF). Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  2. "Vaynol - Cow breed". Britannic Rare Breeds. Britannic Rare Breeds. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  3. "Vaynol" (PDF). Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  4. "Vaynol Cattle". White Park Cattle Society. White Park Cattle Society. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  5. "Vaynol Calf Born". Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  6. ali's answers. "rare breeds: cow". Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  7. Tolhurst, S & Oates, M. "6.2.2 Selecting species and breed of livestock". scotland.forestry.gov.uk. Retrieved 19 November 2014.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. Coulter, David. "Milestone for herd project". Hexham Courant. Hexham Courant. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  9. Vorwald Dohner, Janet (2001). The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds. Yale University Press. p. 240. ISBN 9780300138139. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  10. "Rare Breeds Survival Trust". The Prince of Wales Charitable Foundation. The Prince of Wales's Charitable Foundation. Retrieved 7 October 2014.

Bibliography
  • Wilkie, Rhoda M. "Working with Farm Animals from Birth to Slaughter", Temple University Press, 2009.
  • Hart-Davis, Duff. "Fauna Britannica: The Practical Guide to Wild & Domestic Creatures of Britain", Orion Publishing, 2003.
  • Robinson, Guy M. "Sustainable Rural Systems (Perspectives on Rural Policy and Planning)", Ashgate, 2008.
  • Vorwald Dohner, Janet. "The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds", Yale University Press, 2001.
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