Vanguard-class submarine

The Vanguard class is a class of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) in service with the Royal Navy.[2] The class was introduced in 1994 as part of the Trident nuclear programme, and includes four boats: Vanguard, Victorious, Vigilant and Vengeance, built between 1986 and 1999 at Barrow-in-Furness by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering, now owned by BAE Systems.[3] All four boats are based at HM Naval Base Clyde (HMS Neptune), 40 km (25 mi) west of Glasgow, Scotland.

For other ships with the same name, see HMS Vanguard.

HMS Vanguard at Faslane, 2010
Class overview
Builders: Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering, Barrow-in-Furness, England
Operators:  Royal Navy
Preceded by: Resolution class
Succeeded by: Dreadnought class
Cost: Over £1.500B per boat; Total programme cost £15 billion[1]
In service: 1993–present
Completed: 4
Active: 4
General characteristics
Type: Nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine
Displacement: Submerged: 15,900 t (15,600 long tons; 17,500 short tons)
Length: 149.9 m (491 ft 10 in)
Beam: 12.8 m (42 ft 0 in)
Draught: 12 m (39 ft 4 in)
Propulsion:
  • 1 × Rolls-Royce PWR2 nuclear reactor
  • 2 × GEC turbines; 27,500 shp (20.5 MW)
  • 1 × shaft, pump jet propulsor
  • 2 × auxiliary retractable propulsion motors
  • 2 × WH Allen turbo generators (6 MW)
  • 2 × Paxman diesel alternators; 2,700 shp (2.0 MW)
Speed: Over 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph), submerged
Range: limited only by food and mechanical components
Complement: 135
Sensors and
processing systems:
Electronic warfare
& decoys:
  • Two SSE Mk10 launchers for Type 2066 and Type 2071 torpedo decoys
  • RESM Racal UAP passive intercept
Armament:

Since the decommissioning of the Royal Air Force WE.177 free-fall thermonuclear weapons during March 1998, the four Vanguard submarines are the sole platforms for the United Kingdom's nuclear weapons.[4] Each submarine is armed with up to 16 UGM-133 Trident II missiles. The class is scheduled to be replaced starting in 2028,[5] although its replacement would not enter service until the early 2030s.[6]

Development

Trident programme

Beginning in the late 1960s, the United Kingdom operated four Resolution-class submarines, each armed with sixteen US-built UGM-27 Polaris missiles. The Polaris missile was supplied to Britain following the terms of the 1963 Polaris Sales Agreement. This nuclear deterrent system was known as the UK Polaris programme. In the early 1980s the British government began studies examining options for replacing the Resolution-class submarines and its Polaris missiles, both of which would be approaching the end of their service lives within little over a decade.[7] On 24 January 1980, the House of Commons backed government policy, by 308 votes to 52, to retain an independent nuclear deterrent. Options that were examined included:[7]

  • A British designed and built ballistic missile; Although Britain had no capability in this field since the 1960s, it was considered to "not be impossible". However, it would be very expensive, would be full of uncertainty and would not be available within the required time period. Thus the option was considered "unattractive".
  • Retain Polaris, but fitted on a new submarine class; This option would have a cheaper "initial capital cost", but would lack in terms of required capability and reliability. Also, it was concluded that any initial capital savings would have been lost beyond the 1990s, due to the high cost of sustaining a small stockpile of bespoke missiles kept only in British service.

A European solution and the US UGM-73 Poseidon were also briefly considered, but ultimately rejected, primarily on capability, cost and uncertainty grounds.[7] The clear favourite was the UGM-96 Trident I, which as well as being a cost-effective solution – given the US would also operate the missile in vast numbers – also delivered the overall best long-term capability insurances against Soviet advancements in ballistic missile defence.[7] Subsequently on 10 July 1980, the then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher wrote to US President Jimmy Carter requesting the purchase of Trident I missiles on a similar basis as the 1963 Polaris Sales Agreement. However, following the acceleration of the US UGM-133 Trident II missiles, Thatcher wrote to US President Ronald Reagan in 1982 requesting the United Kingdom be allowed to procure the improved system instead. An agreement was made in March 1982 between the two countries,[8] and under the agreement, Britain made a 5% research and development contribution.[9]

Design and construction
The 25,000 m2 (270,000 sq ft) Devonshire Dock Hall indoor shipbuilding complex

Beginning in 1985, both HMNB Clyde and the Royal Naval Armaments Depot Coulport at Faslane underwent extensive redevelopment in preparation for the Vanguard class submarines and Trident II missiles. Rosyth dockyard also underwent significant redevelopment. The work included enhanced "handling, storage, armament processing, berthing, docking, engineering, training and refitting facilities" at an estimates cost of £550 million.[10] Similarly, due to the huge scale of the Vanguard-class design, the Devonshire Dock Hall was built specifically for the construction of the boats.[11] Construction started in 1982 and was completed in 1986.[11]

The Vanguard class were designed in the early 1980s by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering (VSEL) based at Barrow-in-Furness, now BAE Systems Maritime – Submarines. They were designed from the outset as nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines, able to accommodate the UGM-133 Trident II missiles. As such, the missile compartment is based on the same system used on the American Ohio class, which is also equipped with the UGM-133 Trident II. This requirement led to the Vanguard-class design being significantly larger than the previous Polaris-equipped Resolution class, and at nearly 16,000 tonnes they are the largest submarines ever built for the Royal Navy.

Prime Minister Thatcher laid the keel of the first boat, HMS Vanguard, on 3 September 1986 at the Devonshire Dock Hall in Barrow-in-Furness.[12] Vanguard was launched in 1992 and commissioned in 1993. 1992 saw a debate over whether the fourth vessel, Vengeance, should be cancelled, however the Ministry of Defence ultimately ordered it in July 1992.[13] Vengeance was commissioned in 1999.

Replacement
Main article: Dreadnought-class submarine

On 4 December 2006, then Prime Minister Tony Blair revealed plans to spend up to £20 billion on a new generation of ballistic missile submarines to replace the Vanguard class. In order to reduce costs and show Britain's commitment to the Non-Proliferation Treaty, Blair suggested that submarine numbers could be cut from four to three, while the number of nuclear warheads would be cut by 20% to 160.[14] On 23 September 2009, then Prime Minister Gordon Brown confirmed that this reduction to three submarines was still under consideration.[15] In February 2011, the Defence Secretary Liam Fox stated that four submarines would be needed if the UK was to retain a credible nuclear deterrent.[16] On 18 May 2011 the British government approved the initial assessment phase for the construction of a new class of four submarines, paving the way for the ordering of the first long-lead items and preparations for the main build to begin in the future. This new class of submarine, now known as the Dreadnought class, will retain the current Trident II missiles, and will incorporate a new 'PWR3' nuclear reactor as well as technology developed for the Astute-class nuclear-powered fleet submarines of the Royal Navy.

A vote on the Trident renewal programme was held in the House of Commons on 18 July 2016, and determined that the UK should proceed with construction of the next generation of submarines. The motion passed with a significant majority of 472 MPs voting in favour and 117 against. The MoD put the cost of building, testing and commissioning the replacement vessels at £31 billion (plus a contingency fund of £10 billion) over 35 years, or about 0.2 per cent of government spending, or 6 per cent of defence spending, every year.[17] It is expected the new fleet of submarines will come into operation starting 2028 at the earliest[5] and certainly by the 2030s.[18] The Dreadnought class will extend the life of the Trident programme until at least the 2060s.[19]

Characteristics

Weapons and systems
Test launch of a Trident II missile by a Vanguard-class submarine

The Vanguard-class submarines are equipped with 16 ballistic missile tubes. However, as of the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review, the Royal Navy loads only eight of the missile tubes with the Trident II submarine-launched ballistic missiles, each armed with up to eight nuclear warheads. In addition to the missile tubes, the submarines are fitted with four 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes and carry the Spearfish heavyweight torpedo,[20] allowing them to engage submerged or surface targets at ranges up to 65 kilometres (40 mi; 35 nmi). Two SSE Mark 10 launchers are also fitted, allowing the boats to deploy Type 2066 and Type 2071 decoys, and a UAP Mark 3 electronic support measures (ESM) intercept system is carried.

The submarines carry the Thales Underwater Systems Type 2054 composite sonar. The Type 2054 is a multi-mode, multi-frequency system, which incorporates the 2046, 2043 and 2082 sonars. The Type 2043 is a hull-mounted active/passive search sonar, the Type 2082 a passive intercept and ranging sonar, and the Type 2046 a towed array sonar operating at very low frequency providing a passive search capability. The fleet is in the process of having the sonars refitted to include open-architecture processing using commercial off-the-shelf technology. Navigational search capability is provided by a Type 1007 I-band navigation radar.[3] They will also be fitted with the new Common Combat System.[21] Two periscopes are carried, a CK51 search model and a CH91 attack model. Both have TV and thermal imaging cameras in addition to conventional optics.

A specialised Submarine Command System (SMCS) was originally developed for the Vanguard boats and was later used on the Trafalgar class.[22]

Propulsion

A new pressurised water reactor, the Rolls-Royce PWR 2, was designed for the Vanguard class. The PWR 2 has double the service life of previous models, and it is estimated that a Vanguard-class submarine could circumnavigate the world 40 times without refuelling. Furthermore, during their long-overhaul refit periods, a 'Core H' reactor is fitted to each of the boats, ensuring that none of the submarines will require further re-fuelling for the rest of their service lives.[3] The reactor drives two GEC steam turbines linked to a single shaft pump jet propulsor, giving the submarines a maximum submerged speed of over 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph). Auxiliary power is provided by a pair of 6 MW steam-turbine generators supplied by WH Allen, (later known as NEI Allen, Allen Power & Rolls-Royce), and two 905 kWb Paxman diesel generators for provision of backup power supply.[23]

Nuclear warheads

British nuclear weapons are designed and developed by the UK's Atomic Weapons Establishment. The boats are capable of deploying with a maximum of 192 independently targetable warheads, or MIRVs, with immediate readiness to fire. However, as a result of a decision taken by the 1998 Strategic Defence Review this was reduced to 48 warheads with a readiness to fire reduced 'to days rather than minutes'. Furthermore, the total number of warheads maintained by the United Kingdom was reduced to approximately 200, with a total of 58 Trident missiles. The 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review reduced this number further and the submarines will put to sea in future with a reduced total of 40 warheads and a reduced missile load of 8 (from a maximum possible 16). The number of operationally available nuclear warheads is to be reduced 'from fewer than 160 to no more than 120 and the total UK nuclear weapon stockpile will number no more than 180.[24]

Boats of the class
HMS Victorious in the Clyde estuary, 2003
Name Pennant No. Builder Laid down[3] Launched[3] Commissioned[3] Status
Vanguard S28 Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering, Barrow-in-Furness 3 September 1986 4 March 1992 14 August 1993 In active service
Victorious S29 3 December 1987 29 September 1993 7 January 1995 In active service
Vigilant S30 16 February 1991 14 October 1995 2 November 1996 In active service
Vengeance S31 1 February 1993 19 September 1998 27 November 1999 In active service

In fiction

In January 2020, BBC announced it had commissioned a new thriller based on board a fictional Vanguard-class submarine.[25]

gollark: There's a video somewhere with bee explanations.
gollark: ++search urban dictionary apioform
gollark: Of course. We have documentation on this somewhere.
gollark: It was forked after palaiologos did bees.
gollark: I tried that but it takes a while. So I just enumerate all possible programs and find the shortest possible one which generates the file I want, then type that.

See also

References
  1. Hartley (PDF) Archived 17 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine nuclearinfo.org
  2. Royal Navy Vanguard class submarine, royalnavy.mod.uk
  3. Jane's Fighting Ships, 2004–2005. Jane's Information Group Limited. p. 794. ISBN 0-7106-2623-1.
  4. Strategic Defence Review White Paper of July 1998, published by National Archives - re-access made 2020-03-09
  5. "Everything you need to know about Trident - Britain's nuclear deterrent". ITV News. ITV plc. 18 July 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016. The £40 billion construction of a new fleet, Successor, could begin this year and be operational by 2028, however it will more than likely be at a later date given the MoD's complex procurement procedures. while the current fleet will be phased out by 2032.
  6. "BAE Systems to begin building new British nuclear submarines". Reuters. 1 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  7. PYM, Francis (July 1980). "The Future United Kingdom Strategic Nuclear Deterrent Force" (PDF). Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  8. Letter to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher of the United Kingdom Confirming the Sale of the Trident II Missile System to the Her Country 11 March 1982
  9. Ministry of Defence and Property Services Agency: Control and Management of the Trident Programme. National Audit Office. 29 June 1987. Part 4. ISBN 0-10-202788-9.
  10. "Trident". Hansard, 15 January 1985. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  11. "In pictures: Submarine 'shed' in Cumbria marks 25th year". BBC News. 2 September 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  12. "DDH celebrates 25th birthday | Astute Class Submarine - BAE Systems Maritime – Submarines". astuteclass.com. 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  13. "Trident order raises arms doubts". The Guardian. London. 8 July 1992.
  14. The Future of the United Kingdom's Nuclear Deterrent (PDF), Ministry of Defence, 4 December 2006, retrieved 5 December 2006
  15. BBC News (23 September 2009). "Brown move to cut UK nuclear subs". Retrieved 23 September 2009.
  16. "Trident nuclear fleet cuts ruled out by Liam Fox". BBC News. 23 February 2011.
  17. "UK nuclear deterrence: what you need to know". Ministry of Defence. 26 February 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  18. "MPs approve Trident renewal". BBC News. 18 July 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016. MPs approve Trident renewal
  19. Tom Peck (18 July 2016). "Theresa May warns threat of nuclear attack has increased ahead of Trident vote". Independent. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  20. Royal Naval Website. "Vanguard Class Ballistic Subs (SSBN)". Archived from the original on 23 June 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2007.
  21. "Royal Navy's newest sub test fires torpedo using £50 million UK-made advanced Combat System - News stories - GOV.UK". gov.uk. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
  22. See "The Royal Navy Handbook" 2003, Conway Maritime Press, ISBN 0-85177-952-2
  23. Richard Carr (19 November 2014). "Paxman Submarine Engines". Paxman History Pages. Retrieved 24 September 2015. One engine drives a Brush alternator with a rating of 850 kW. The AC output from this provides auxiliary power for the ship's service (hotel) load. The other Valenta is coupled to a Brush generator with a rating of 750 kW, providing DC output for propulsion in the event of failure or non-availability of the main propulsion system (emergency "get you home").
  24. "Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic Defence and Security Review" (PDF). HM Government. 19 October 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  25. "BBC One announces brand new thriller Vigil (w/t)". BBC. 17 January 2020.
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