Vaišvilkas

Vaišelga or Vaišvilkas (also spelled as Vojszalak, Vojšalk, Vaišalgas;[1] killed on December 9, 1268) was the Grand Duke of Lithuania (1264–1267). He was son of Mindaugas, the first and only Christian King of Lithuania.

Imaginative 16th-17th century portrait

Monastery that was presumably founded by Vaišvilkas (painting by Napoleon Orda)

Nothing is known about the youth of Vaišvilkas as he entered historical sources only in 1254 when he made a treaty, in the name of his father King Mindaugas, with Daniel of Halych-Volhynia. In the treaty, Halych-Volhynia transfers Black Ruthenia with center in Navahrudak to Lithuania. To solidify the treaty, Daniel's son Shvarn was married to Vaišvilkas' sister.[2] Vaišvilkas was appointed as duke of some of these lands. After Vaišvilkas was baptized in a Greek Orthodox rite, he was drawn to religious life so much that he transferred his title and lands to Roman Danylovich, son of Daniel of Halych.[2] He founded a monastery traditionally identified with Lavrashev Monastery on the bank on the Neman River and entered it as a monk.[3] He set off on a pilgrimage to Mount Athos in Greece. However, he did not reach the destination due to wars in the Balkans and returned to Navahrudak.[2]

In 1264, he escaped an assassination plot by Treniota and Daumantas against his father and two of his brothers. Treniota was murdered by former servants of Mindaugas. Vaišvilkas allied himself with his brother-in-law Shvarn from Halych-Volhynia. They managed to take control over Black Ruthenia and the Duchy of Lithuania.[4] Then they waged a war against Nalšia and Deltuva, two main centers of opposition to Mindaugas and Vaišvilkas.[5] Daumantas, Duke of Nalšia, was forced to flee to Pskov. Suksė (Suxe), another influential duke from Nalšia, fled to Livonia. Vaišvilkas became next the Grand Duke of Lithuania. As a Christian, he tried to maintain friendly relationships with the Teutonic Knights and the Livonian Order. He signed a peace treaty with Livonia regarding trade on the Daugava River.[2] Lithuanian support of the Great Prussian Uprising ceased, and the orders made advances against Semigallians and Curonians uninterrupted. Together with Shvarn, Vaišvilkas attacked Poland in 1265 to avenge devastation of Yotvingians in 1264.[4]

When in 1267 he decided to go back to monastic life, Vaišvilkas transferred the title of Grand Duke to Shvarn. A year later he was killed by Shvarn's brother, Leo I of Halych, who was angry that Vaišvilkas did not divide the powers between him and his brother.[4] He was interred near the Assumption Church in Volodymyr-Volynskyi.

Name

The original Lithuanian name of this Grand Duke has puzzled many linguists and historians. Their reconstructions resulted in two credible variants Vaišvilkas, based on Woyszwiłk and Vaišelga, based on Vojšalk. The name Vaišvilkas was first reconstructed by Kazimieras Būga.[6] In fact, the first part of the double-stemmed name vaiš- causes no dispute and is attested in many similar names. However, the second part -vilkas, meaning "wolf" is very rare to non existent in Lithuanian names.[6] This led to the hypothesis that the initial form of the name should have been Vaišvilas.[7] The variant Vaišelga/Vaišalga has gained more popularity in historical writings even though the origins of the element -alg and -elg are not entirely clear.[7] Eventually, some researchers even suggest that he had two names, one of them being Vaišvilas.[8]

See also

• House of Mindaugas – family tree of Vaišvilkas
• List of Belarusian rulers
• List of Lithuanian rulers

References

1. Baranauskas, Tomas. Древние литовские имена (in Russian). Medieval Lithuania. Retrieved 2008-01-23.
2. Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Vaišvilkas". Encyclopedia Lituanica. VI. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 29–30. LCC 74-114275.
3. Rowell, S. C. (1994). Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire Within East-Central Europe, 1295-1345. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Cambridge University Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-521-45011-9.
4. Kiaupa, Zigmantas; Jūratė Kiaupienė; Albinas Kunevičius (2000) [1995]. The History of Lithuania Before 1795 (English ed.). Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History. pp. 68–69. ISBN 9986-810-13-2.
5. Ivinskis, Zenonas (1978). Lietuvos istorija iki Vytauto Didžiojo mirties (in Lithuanian). Rome: Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija. pp. 197–199.
6. Valentas, Skirmantas (2002). "ISTORINIS VEIKĖJAS EILĖRAŠTYJE: Воишелкъ, Воишевoлкъ". Literatūra (in Lithuanian).
7. Zinkevičius, Zigmas (2007). Senosios Lietuvos valstybės vardynas (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. p. 48. ISBN 5-420-01606-0.
8. Kuzavinis, Kazimieras; Bronys Savukynas (1987). Lietuvių vardų kilmės žodynas (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Mokslas.

Preceded by Treniota	Grand Duke of Lithuania 1264–1267	Succeeded by Shvarn