Vought-Sikorsky VS-300

VS-300
	One of the first flights of the VS-300
Role	Experimental helicopter
National origin	United States
Manufacturer	Vought-Sikorsky
Designer	Igor Sikorsky
First flight	14 September 1939 [1]
Developed into	Sikorsky R-4

The Vought-Sikorsky VS-300 (or S-46) is an American single-engine helicopter designed by Igor Sikorsky. It had a single three-blade rotor originally powered by a 75 horsepower (56 kW) engine. The first "free" flight of the VS-300 was on 13 May 1940.[2] The VS-300 was the first successful single lifting rotor helicopter in the United States and the first successful helicopter to use a single vertical-plane tail rotor configuration for antitorque. With floats attached, it became the first practical amphibious helicopter.

Design and development

Igor Sikorsky's quest for a practical helicopter began in 1938, when as the Engineering Manager of the Vought-Sikorsky Division of United Aircraft Corporation, he was able to convince the directors of United Aircraft that his years of study and research into rotary-wing flight problems would lead to a breakthrough. His first experimental machine, the VS-300, was test flown by Sikorsky on 14 September 1939, tethered by cables.[3] In developing the concept of rotary-wing flight, Sikorsky was the first to introduce a single engine to power both the main and tail rotor systems. The only previous successful attempt at a single-lift rotor helicopter, the Yuriev-Cheremukhin TsAGI-1EA in 1931 in the Soviet Union, used a pair of uprated, Russian-built Gnome Monosoupape rotary engines of 120 hp each for its power.[4][5] For later flights of his VS-300, Sikorsky also added a vertical airfoil surface to the end of the tail to assist anti-torque but this was later removed when it proved to be ineffective.[6]

The cyclic control was found to be difficult to perfect, and led to Sikorsky locking the cyclic and adding two smaller vertical-axis lifting rotors to either side aft of the tailboom.[7] By varying pitch of these rotors simultaneously, fore and aft control was provided. Roll control was provided by differential pitching of the blades. In this configuration, it was found that the VS-300 could not fly forward easily and Sikorsky joked about turning the pilot's seat around.[6]

Operational history

Sikorsky fitted utility floats (also called pontoons) to the VS-300 and performed a water landing and takeoff on 17 April 1941, making it the first practical amphibious helicopter.[8] On 6 May 1941, the VS-300 beat the world endurance record held by the Focke-Wulf Fw 61, by staying aloft for 1 hour 32 minutes and 26.1 seconds.[2]

The final variant of the VS-300 was powered by a 150 hp Franklin engine.[9] The VS-300 was one of the first helicopters capable of carrying cargo. The VS-300 was modified over a two-year period, including removal of the two vertical tail rotors, until 1941, when a new cyclic control system gave it much improved flight behavior.[1]

Surviving aircraft

In 1943, the VS-300 was retired to the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan. It has been on display there ever since, except for a trip back to the Sikorsky Aircraft plant for restoration in 1985.[10]

Specifications (VS-300)

Data from [1]

General characteristics

Crew: one
Length: 28 ft 0 in (8.53 m)
Height: 10 ft 0 in (3.05 m)
Gross weight: 1,150 lb (522 kg)
Powerplant: 1 × Franklin 4AC-199-E , 90 hp (67 kW) at 2,500 rpm
Main rotor diameter: 30 ft 0 in (9.14 m)

Performance

Maximum speed: 50 mph (80 km/h, 43 kn)
Range: 75 mi (121 km, 65 nmi)
Endurance: 1 hour 30 minutes

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gollark: I should somehow try and write more on the applications of two (2).

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References

Notes

Chiles 2008, p. 104.
Munson 1968, p. 111.
"75 Years Ago". AOPA Pilot: 28. September 2014.
video.
Savine, Alexandre. "TsAGI 1-EA". ctrl-c.liu.se, 24 March 1997. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
"A National Historic Engineering Landmark: VS-300 Helicopter (1939)" Archived 2011-09-29 at the Wayback Machine. Crystal City, Virginia: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Helicopter Society, 17 May 1984.
Dorr 2005, p. 32.
"Timeline". Sikorsky.com. Retrieved: 22 September 2009.
Munson 1985, p. 51.
"1939 Sikorsky VS-300A Helicopter". The Henry Ford. The Henry Ford. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

Bibliography

Chiles, James R. The God Machine: From Boomerangs to Black Hawks: The Story of the Helicopter. New York: Bantam, 2008. ISBN 978-0-553-38352-2.
Dorr, Robert F. Chopper: A History of America Military Helicopter Operations from WWII to the War on Terror. New York: Penguin Books, 2005. ISBN 0-425-20273-9.
Munson, Kenneth. Helicopters and Other Rotorcraft Since 1907. London: Blandford, 1968. ISBN 0-7137-0610-4.
Munson, Kenneth. US Warbirds, From World War 1 to Vietnam. New York: New Orchard, 1985. ISBN 978-1-85079-029-7.
Sikorsky, I. I. "Development of the VS-300 Helicopter (A paper read at the Rotating Wing Aircraft Session of the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Institute of Aeronautical Sciences by Sikorsky, I. I, Engineering Manager, Vought-Sikorsky Division of the United Aircraft Corporation)". Flight, 3 September 1942.

External links

"Wingless Helicopter Flies Straight Up", Popular Mechanics, September 1940 article showing Sikorsky flying his first helicopter
Heroes of the Sky: VS300 exhibit at the Henry Ford Museum

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[Chiles-1] Chiles 2008, p. 104.

[munson-2] Munson 1968, p. 111.

[3] "75 Years Ago". AOPA Pilot: 28. September 2014.

[4] video.

[5] Savine, Alexandre. "TsAGI 1-EA". ctrl-c.liu.se, 24 March 1997. Retrieved 12 December 2010.

[Helicopter_World-6] "A National Historic Engineering Landmark: VS-300 Helicopter (1939)" Archived 2011-09-29 at the Wayback Machine. Crystal City, Virginia: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Helicopter Society, 17 May 1984.

[7] Dorr 2005, p. 32.

[SikorskyTimeline-8] "Timeline". Sikorsky.com. Retrieved: 22 September 2009.

[9] Munson 1985, p. 51.

[10] "1939 Sikorsky VS-300A Helicopter". The Henry Ford. The Henry Ford. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

Sikorsky aircraft
Fixed-wing aircraft (company designations)	S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 S-9 S-10 S-11 S-12 S-13 S-14 S-15 S-16 S-17 S-18 S-19 S-20 S-21 S-22 S-23 S-24 S-25 S-26 S-27 S-28 S-29-A S-30 S-31 S-32 S-33 S-34 S-35 S-36 S-37 S-38 S-39 S-40 S-41 S-42 S-43 VS-44 S-45
Fixed-wing aircraft (military designations)	C-6 C-28 JRS JR2S PS RS XBLR-3 XPBS XSS XV-2
Helicopters (company designations)	VS-300 (S-46) S-47 S-48 S-49 S-50 S-51 S-52 S-53 S-54 S-55 S-56 S-57 S-58 S-59 S-60 S-61 S-61L/N S-61R S-62 S-63 S-64 S-65 S-66 S-67 S-68 S-69 S-70 S-71 S-72 S-73 S-74 S-75 S-76 S-80 S-92 S-97 S-100 S-300 S-333 S-434
Helicopters (military designations)	SH-3 HH-3E/F R-4 H-5 H-6 H-18 H-19 H-34 CH-37 XH-39 HH-52A CH-53 CH-53E CH-53K MH-53 CH-54 UH-60 HH-60G HH-60J/MH-60T MH-60R/S SH-60B/F H-60J/K VH-60 RAH-66 VH-92 CH-124 CH-148 HLH
Experimental aircraft	Cypher/Cypher II Firefly Raider Raider X SB-1 X2 XBLR-3 XV-2