Union of Concerned Scientists

The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) is a nonprofit science advocacy organization based in the United States. The UCS membership includes many private citizens in addition to professional scientists. Anne Kapuscinski, Sherman Fairchild professor of sustainability science in the Environmental Studies Program at Dartmouth College, currently chairs the UCS Board of Directors, having replaced James J. McCarthy, Professor of Biological Oceanography at Harvard University and past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2015.[1]

For the human-rights organization, see Committee of Concerned Scientists.
Union of Concerned Scientists
MottoScience for a Healthy Planet and Safer World
Formation1969
HeadquartersCambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Membership
over 200,000
Exec. Dir.
Kathleen Rest
President
Kenneth Kimmell
Founder
Kurt Gottfried
WebsiteUCSUSA.org

History

The Union of Concerned Scientists was founded in 1969 by faculty and students of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The organization's founding document says it was formed to "initiate a critical and continuing examination of governmental policy in areas where science and technology are of actual or potential significance" and to "devise means for turning research applications away from the present emphasis on military technology toward the solution of pressing environmental and social problems."[2] The organization employs scientists, economists, and engineers engaged in environmental and security issues, as well as executive and support staff.[3]

One of the co-founders was physicist and Nobel laureate Dr. Henry Kendall, who served for many years as chairman of the board of UCS. In 1977, the UCS sponsored a "Scientists' Declaration on the Nuclear Arms Race" calling for an end to nuclear weapons tests and deployments in the United States and Soviet Union.[4] In response to the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), the UCS sponsored a petition entitled "An Appeal to Ban Space Weapons".[5]

In 1992, Kendall presided over the UCS-sponsored World Scientists' Warning to Humanity, which called for "fundamental change" to address a range of security and environmental issues. The document was signed by 1700 scientists, including a majority of the Nobel prize winners in the sciences.[6]

According to the George C. Marshall Institute, the UCS was the fourth-largest recipient of foundation grants for "climate-related activities" in the period 2000–2002, a fourth of its $24M grant income being for that purpose.[7] Charity Navigator — an independent non-profit organization that evaluates American charities — gave the UCS a four out of four star rating in the fiscal year ending in September of 2018, with an overall score of 91.85 out of 100.[8] According to the organization's IRS Form 990, the UCS received $39.9 million in total revenue and had $3.1 million in expenses and $48.8 million in net assets for the tax year beginning October 1 2017 and ending September 30 2018.[9]

The Union of Concerned Scientists is a member of the Sustainable Energy Coalition.

Issue stances

The UCS supports an increase in Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, the enactment of state laws to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from cars and trucks, deep reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, as well as national and international action to combat climate change. The organization has also produced several reports on regional effects of climate change in the United States.[10][11] The group supports increased taxes for polluters and incentives for environmentally beneficial practices.[12]

The UCS supports a national renewable energy standard which would require utilities to produce a certain percentage of their energy from sources such as wind power, solar energy and geothermal energy. The group also supports a national energy efficiency standard for home appliances.[12] The UCS acknowledges that nuclear power can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but maintains that it must become much safer and cheaper before it can be considered a workable solution to global warming. They support increased safety enforcement from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission among other steps to improve nuclear power.[13] UCS has been critical of proposed Generation III reactor designs. Edwin Lyman, a senior staff scientist at UCS, has challenged specific cost-saving design choices made for both the AP1000 and Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor.[14] The UCS referred to the European Pressurized Reactor as the only new reactor design under consideration in the United States that "...appears to have the potential to be significantly safer and more secure against attack than today's reactors."[15]

The UCS has also endorsed the Forests Now Declaration, which calls for new market based mechanism to protect forests, as the group has recognised the importance of curbing deforestation to tackle climate change.[16] The group also supports governmental incentives for people who want to preserve undeveloped land instead of selling it to developers,[12] as well as deforestation-free palm oil.[17]

The UCS has accused the US government of dozens of instances of political interference in science[18] and supports whistleblower protection, monetary incentives, and free speech rights for federal scientists. Its scientific integrity program has produced surveys of federal scientists at multiple agencies[19] and a statement signed by more than 11,000 scientists condemning political interference in science.[20]

The UCS supports the reduction of antibiotic use on livestock to prevent medical antibiotic resistance, and also opposes cloning animals for food, as well as the industrial organization around genetically modified food, though they are open to the idea of (appropriately managed) GM food.[21] They also oppose the use of space weapons, and work on reducing the number of nuclear weapons around the world.

Media coverage

In 1997, the UCS presented their "World Scientists Call For Action" petition to world leaders meeting to negotiate the Kyoto Protocol. The declaration asserted, "A broad consensus among the world's climatologists is that there is now 'a discernible human influence on global climate.'" It urged governments to make "legally binding commitments to reduce industrial nations' emissions of heat-trapping gases", and called global warming "one of the most serious threats to the planet and to future generations."[22] The petition was signed by "more than 1,500 of the world's most distinguished senior scientists, including the majority of Nobel laureates in science."[23][24] When a counter-petition that questioned this so-called "consensus" was signed by more than 17,000 other scientists including 6,000 PhDs, UCS declared it a "deliberate attempt to deceive the scientific community with misinformation."[25]

In February 2004, the UCS received press attention for its publication "Scientific Integrity in Policymaking". The report criticized the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush for "politicizing" science. Some of the allegations include altering information in global warming reports by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and choosing members of scientific advisory panels based on their business interests rather than scientific experience. In July 2004, the UCS released an addendum to the report in which they criticize the Bush administration and allege that reports on West Virginia strip mining had been improperly altered, and that "well-qualified" nominees for government posts such as Nobel laureate Torsten Wiesel were rejected because of political differences. On April 2, 2004, Dr. John Marburger, the director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, issued a statement claiming that incident descriptions in the UCS report are "false", "wrong", or "a distortion",[26] and dismissed the report as "biased".[27] UCS rebutted the White House document by saying that Marburger's claims were unjustified. UCS later wrote that since that time, the Bush administration has been virtually silent on the issue.[28]

On October 30, 2006, the UCS issued a press release claiming that high-ranking members of the U.S. Department of the Interior, including Deputy Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks Julie MacDonald, systematically tampered with scientific data in an effort to undermine the protection of endangered species and the Endangered Species Act.[29]

On December 11, 2006, the UCS issued a statement calling for the restoration of scientific integrity to federal policy-making, which was signed by 10,600 leading scientists including Nobel laureates.[30]

On May 23, 2007, the UCS cited a joint-study with MIT and issued a press release claiming that "any test of the U.S. missile defense system that does not show whether an interceptor missile can distinguish between real warheads and decoys is irrelevant" and "contrived," and called for an end to the taxpayer-funded program until the system can show an ability to actually address "real world threats."[31]

On June 21, 2007, a UCS report charged the EPA with political manipulation of scientific data to influence updated US ozone regulations: "The law says use the science, the science says lower the standard to safe levels," said Francesca Grifo, director of the UCS' Scientific Integrity Program. "In disregarding its own scientists' analysis, the EPA is risking the health of millions of Americans."[32][33]

In August 2008, the UCS purchased billboards at the airports in Denver, Colorado and Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota where the Democratic and Republican presidential conventions were to be held. The two nearly identical billboards showed the downtown areas of each convention city in a cross hairs, with the message that "when only one nuclear bomb could destroy a city" like Minneapolis or Denver, "we don't need 6,000." The name of Senator John McCain or Senator Barack Obama follows, with this admonition: "It's time to get serious about reducing the nuclear threat." The billboards were removed after a complaint from Northwest Airlines, the official airline of the Republican convention. The UCS has accused Northwest, whose headquarters were in Minnesota, of "taking on a new role as censor" and of having acted because it regarded the Minneapolis advertisement as "scary" and "anti-McCain."[34][35][36]

In March 2011, the UCS held daily telephone media briefings related to the Fukushima nuclear accident.[37]

gollark: Besides, why would you *want* the bad old one?
gollark: I am not going to spend two (5) minutes (Hz^-1) retrieving it.
gollark: https://images-ext-1.discordapp.net/external/pRhCVGeVxDB6XqapPAGHKWIxvU6-ThzU4XPnq7Gvh1s/%3Fwidth%3D594%26height%3D654/https/media.discordapp.net/attachments/823603493989515316/888539564308844617/E_QDrxcXMAQ6ft3.png?width=566&height=623
gollark: Just use a calculator in all cases.
gollark: Yes.

References
  1. Press release announcing Dr. Kapuscinski as the new Board chair. ucsusa.org (2015-10-28). Retrieved 2015-02-25.
  2. Founding Document: 1968 MIT Faculty Statement. Ucsusa.org. Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  3. List of UCS experts Archived October 19, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  4. "1977 Scientists' Declaration on the Nuclear Arms Race". 23 May 2006. Archived from the original on 23 May 2006.
  5. "History". 23 May 2006. Archived from the original on 23 May 2006.
  6. World Scientists' Warning to Humanity (1992). Ucsusa.org (2015-12-22). Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  7. Funding Flows for Climate Change Research and Related Activities Archived March 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  8. "Union of Concerned Scientists". Charity Navigator. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  9. "Return of Organization Exempt From Income Tax" (PDF). ucsusa.org. Union of Concerned Scientists. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  10. Confronting Climate Change in the Great Lakes Region Archived July 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Ucsusa.org. Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  11. Confronting Climate Change in the Gulf Coast Archived August 4, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  12. Brower, Michael, Ph. D. and Leon, Warren, Ph. D. The Consumer's Guide to Effective Environmental Choices: Practical Advice from the Union of Concerned Scientists 1999, Three Rivers Press.
  13. Nuclear Power and Global Warming Archived August 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  14. Adam Piore (June 2011). "Nuclear energy: Planning for the Black Swan". Scientific American.
  15. "Nuclear Power in a Warming World" (PDF). Union of Concerned Scientists. Retrieved 1 October 2008.
  16. Forestsnow – Endorsers – NGO and Research Institutes. Forestsnow.org. Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  17. "Palm Oil Scorecard: Ranking America's Biggest Brands on Their Commitment to Deforestation-Free Palm Oil (2014)". Union of Concerned Scientists. March 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  18. "Promoting Scientific Integrity".
  19. Surveys of Scientists at Federal Agencies Archived July 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  20. Who Are the 11,000+ Scientists? – Scientist Statement Signatories Archived July 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  21. Genetic Engineering in Agriculture | Union of Concerned Scientists. Ucsusa.org (2015-12-22). Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  22. Union of Concerned Scientists. "World Scientists Call For Action". Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Projections indicate that demand for food in Asia will exceed the supply by 2010.
  23. Science DailyOct. 2, 2007 article "World's Nobel Laureates And Preeminent Scientists Call On Government To Halt Global Warming". Sciencedaily.com. Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  24. List of Selected Prominent Signatories with awards and affiliations. Dieoff.org. Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  25. Macilwain, Colin (16 April 1998). "Petition strengthens hand of global warming sceptics". Nature. 392 (6677): 639. Bibcode:1998Natur.392Q.639M. doi:10.1038/33487.
  26. UCS Response to Congress. Ostp.gov. Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  27. Scientists: Bush Distorts Science Archived February 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  28. Scientific Integrity in Policymaking Archived April 4, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
  29. Systematic Interference with Science at Interior Department Exposed – Emails and Edited Documents Show Evidence of Inappropriate Manipulation Archived November 4, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  30. 10,600 Scientists Condemn Political Interference in Science – New Guide Documents Ongoing Federal Abuse of Science; 110th Congress Must Act. Ucsusa.org (2015-12-22). Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  31. Another Contrived Missile Defense Test is Coming Up – Decoys Would Overwhelm System, Says Union of Concerned Scientists Archived June 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  32. EPA Falls Short of Scientists' Calls for Stricter Controls on Smog – Old standard not enough to protect public health Archived July 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  33. Zabarenko, Deborah. (2007-06-21) Critics question EPA's tighter ozone limits. Reuters.com. Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  34. Rohter, Larry (21 August 2008). "Ads on Nuclear Threat Removed From Convention Airports". The New York Times.
  35. Ad critical of McCain doesn't fly with NWA. Startribune.com (2008-08-18). Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  36. Hoppin, Jason. (2008-08-19) Northwest bans ad from airport. Twincities.com. Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  37. Archived March 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
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