Uncoordinated-119 (Unc-119)

Uncoordinated-119 (Unc-119) is a protein that has been identified in C. elegans, humans, mice, zebrafish, rabbits, pig, calf, monkey, and protozoa.[5] They have been classified in the GMP phophodiesterase, delta superfamily.[6] Unc-119 proteins are categorized into their own family but are shown to be ancestrally related to PrBP (prenyl binding protein) and rhoGDI. It has been given many different names: Retinal Protein 4, HRG4, POC7 Centriolar Protein Homolog A, IMD13, POC7A, and RG4.  

UNC119
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesUNC119, HRG4, IMD13, POC7, POC7A, Protein unc-119 homolog, unc-119 lipid binding chaperone
External IDsMGI: 1328357 HomoloGene: 3778 GeneCards: UNC119
Gene location (Human)
Chr.Chromosome 17 (human)[1]
Band17q11.2Start28,546,708 bp[1]
End28,552,631 bp[1]
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

9094

22248

Ensembl

ENSG00000109103

ENSMUSG00000002058

UniProt

Q13432

Q9Z2R6

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_005148
NM_054035
NM_001330166

NM_011676
NM_001313985
NM_001313986
NM_001313987
NM_001313988

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001317095
NP_005139
NP_473376

NP_001300914
NP_001300915
NP_001300916
NP_001300917
NP_035806

Location (UCSC)Chr 17: 28.55 – 28.55 MbChr 11: 78.34 – 78.35 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Structure and function

Unc-119 in C. elegans is approximately 240 amino acids[7] and has a mass of ~26 kDa.[8] Using x-ray crystallography the protein's crystal structure was observed and found to have a resolution of 1.95 Å.[9] It has an immunoglobulin-like β-sandwich folding structure, resulting in a narrow, hydrophobic pocket.[10] This pocket has ability to bind to lauroyl (C12) and myristoyl (C14) acyltransferase side chains as a transporter or lipid-binding chaperone.[9] Unc-119 helps with motility of cilium. It is needed for cilia to maintain formation and function. This is a conserved responsibility from animals to protozoa.

Role in cells

UNC-119 has been found to be involved in synaptic functions, signal transduction, endosome recycling, uptake of bacteria and endocytosis, protein trafficking, lipid-binding chaperone, and a mediator on Src family kinase signals.[11][12]

The UNC-119 protein plays key roles in the movement and feeding in the C. elegans, because it is essential in the development and function of their nervous system. One mutation observed was in the expression patterns when the mutant fuses with lacZ.[10] When this protein is mutated or deleted, C. elegans were found to have problems moving, even to the point of complete paralysis. It was also proposed that a mutation could cause the C. elegans to lose the ability to recognize their food. When the organism possesses a mutated UNC-119, they have been shown to experience uncoordinated movement, a defect causing weak egg laying, and the inability to form dauer larvae.[12]

In H. sapiens, Unc-119 has been identified on chromosome 17 and is found predominantly in the retina (HRG4). It has been localized to the photo-receptor synapses in the outer plexiform layer of the retina, and suggested to play a role in the mechanism of photoreceptor neurotransmitter release through the synaptic vesicle cycle. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. The encoded product shares strong homology with the C. elegans unc119 protein and it can functionally complement the C. elegans unc119 mutation.

Unc-119 has also been identified in other areas in humans, such as the liver, kidneys, brain, and fibroblasts.[10] It has also been found to play an important role within the T-cell receptor function[8] and interleukin-5 receptor (IL-5R) Unc-119 is an essential activator of both Lck and Fyn by interacting with their SH2- and SH3-binding domains. Mutation of the Unc-119 gene has been found to severely disrupt the T-cell receptor pathway. It has been suggested to be a cause of an immunodeficiency disordered known as idiopathic CD4 lymphopenia (ICL) due to the reduced t-cell stimulation.[9]

Interactions

Protein unc-119 homolog has been shown to interact with:

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gollark: Oh, it can.

References
  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000109103 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000002058 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. Swanson DA, Chang JT, Campochiaro PA, Zack DJ, Valle D (October 1998). "Mammalian orthologs of C. elegans unc-119 highly expressed in photoreceptors". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 39 (11): 2085–94. PMID 9761287.
  6. Fansa EK, Wittinghofer A (October 2016). "Sorting of lipidated cargo by the Arl2/Arl3 system". Small GTPases. 7 (4): 222–230. doi:10.1080/21541248.2016.1224454. PMC 5129900. PMID 27806215.
  7. Maduro M, Pilgrim D (November 1995). "Identification and cloning of unc-119, a gene expressed in the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system". Genetics. 141 (3): 977–88. PMC 1206859. PMID 8582641.
  8. Gorska MM, Stafford SJ, Cen O, Sur S, Alam R (February 2004). "Unc119, a novel activator of Lck/Fyn, is essential for T cell activation". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 199 (3): 369–79. doi:10.1084/jem.20030589. PMC 2211793. PMID 14757743.
  9. Constantine R, Zhang H, Gerstner CD, Frederick JM, Baehr W (December 2012). "Uncoordinated (UNC)119: coordinating the trafficking of myristoylated proteins". Vision Research. 75: 26–32. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2012.08.012. PMC 3514684. PMID 23000199.
  10. Jean F, Pilgrim D (October 2017). "Coordinating the uncoordinated: UNC119 trafficking in cilia". European Journal of Cell Biology. 96 (7): 643–652. doi:10.1016/j.ejcb.2017.09.001. PMID 28935136.
  11. Lee Y, Chung S, Baek IK, Lee TH, Paik SY, Lee J (April 2013). "UNC119a bridges the transmission of Fyn signals to Rab11, leading to the completion of cytokinesis". Cell Cycle. 12 (8): 1303–1315. doi:10.4161/cc.24404. PMC 3674094. PMID 23535298.
  12. Maduro MF, Gordon M, Jacobs R, Pilgrim DB (January 2000). "The UNC-119 family of neural proteins is functionally conserved between humans, Drosophila and C. elegans". Journal of Neurogenetics. 13 (4): 191–212. doi:10.3109/01677060009084494. PMID 10858820.
  13. Kobayashi A, Kubota S, Mori N, McLaren MJ, Inana G (January 2003). "Photoreceptor synaptic protein HRG4 (UNC119) interacts with ARL2 via a putative conserved domain". FEBS Letters. 534 (1–3): 26–32. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(02)03766-3. PMID 12527357.
  14. Stelzl U, Worm U, Lalowski M, Haenig C, Brembeck FH, Goehler H, Stroedicke M, Zenkner M, Schoenherr A, Koeppen S, Timm J, Mintzlaff S, Abraham C, Bock N, Kietzmann S, Goedde A, Toksöz E, Droege A, Krobitsch S, Korn B, Birchmeier W, Lehrach H, Wanker EE (September 2005). "A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome". Cell. 122 (6): 957–68. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.029. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-8592-0. PMID 16169070.
  15. Van Valkenburgh H, Shern JF, Sharer JD, Zhu X, Kahn RA (June 2001). "ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) and ARF-like 1 (ARL1) have both specific and shared effectors: characterizing ARL1-binding proteins". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (25): 22826–37. doi:10.1074/jbc.M102359200. PMID 11303027.
  16. Cen O, Gorska MM, Stafford SJ, Sur S, Alam R (March 2003). "Identification of UNC119 as a novel activator of SRC-type tyrosine kinases". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (10): 8837–45. doi:10.1074/jbc.M208261200. PMID 12496276.
  17. Alpadi K, Magupalli VG, Käppel S, Köblitz L, Schwarz K, Seigel GM, Sung CH, Schmitz F (September 2008). "RIBEYE recruits Munc119, a mammalian ortholog of the Caenorhabditis elegans protein unc119, to synaptic ribbons of photoreceptor synapses". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283 (39): 26461–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M801625200. PMC 3258921. PMID 18664567.

Further reading
  • Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: Q13432 (Protein unc-119 homolog A) at the PDBe-KB.
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