Turtle Island (book)

Turtle Island is a book of poems and essays written by Gary Snyder and published by New Directions in 1974. Within it, Snyder expresses his vision for humans to live in harmony with the earth and all its creatures. The book was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1975.[1] "Turtle Island" is a name for the continent of North America used by many Native American tribes.

Turtle Island

First edition
Author	Gary Snyder
Country	United States
Language	English
Publisher	New Directions
Publication date	1974 (1974)
Pages	114
Awards	Pulitzer Prize for Poetry (1975)
ISBN	0-8112-0545-2

Background

By the late 1950s, Gary Snyder had established himself as one of the major American poets of his generation. He was associated with both the Beat Generation and the regional San Francisco Renaissance. He spent much of the 1960s traveling between California and Japan, where he studied Zen. In 1966, he met Masa Uehara while in Osaka. They married the following year and had their first child, Kai, in April 1968; by December, Snyder and his new family moved to California.[2] His return coincided with the highest crest of 1960s counterculture, as well as the nascent environmental movement. He was received as an elder statesman by both the hippies and the environmentalists, and he became a public intellectual who gave public lectures, making television appearances, and publishing new writing.[3]

Many of the poems and essays in the book had been previously published. The essay "Four Changes" first appeared in The Environmental Handbook, a collection published by David Brower and Friends of the Earth for the first Earth Day in 1970.[4] "Four Changes" was initially published anonymously with no copyright notice, and consequently it was widely reproduced.[5] One of the poems, "The Hudsonian Curlew", was first published in the November 1969 issue of Poetry magazine.[6] Some of the poems were published in 1972 as a limited-edition collection titled Manzanita.[7]

Like Snyder's poetry of the late 1960s, many of the poems found in Turtle Island are political in nature. However, with American military involvement in the Vietnam War coming to a close, Snyder's attention had turned from matters of war and peace to environmental and ecological concerns. In 1973 several of Snyder's friends, interested in his new direction, gathered in Berkeley, California to hear him read his new work. At the reading, Snyder asked whether these political poems could "succeed as poetry"; his friends "reportedly refused to pass judgment" on the question.[8] Later, the poet's UC Davis colleague Jack Hicks related words from a female graduate student who took one of Snyder's classes in the late 1980s: "there are two kinds of political poetry: Suckers—rare—seduce you to the point. Whackers assault you with the message. ... I cited Turtle Island as a blatant whacker, and Gary defended it strongly. But first he listened."[9]

Contents

Turtle Island is split into four sections. The first three—Manzanita, Magpie's Song, and For the Children—include a total of almost 60 poems, while the fourth section, Plain Talk, includes five prose essays. The collection includes many of Snyder's most commonly quoted and anthologized poems. There is also an introduction, in which Snyder explains the significance of the book's title.[10]

Section title	Contents
Manzanita	"Anasazi" "The Way West, Underground" "The Dead by the Side of the Road" "I Went into the Maverick Bar" "Steak" "No Matter, Never Mind" "The Bath" "Coyote Valley Spring" "Spel Against Demons" "Front Lines" "Control Burn" "The Great Mother" "The Call of the Wild" "Prayer for the Great Family" "Source" "Manzanita" "Charms"
Magpie's Song	"Facts" "The Real Work" "Pine Tree Tops" "For Nothing" "Night Herons" "The Egg" "The Uses of Light" "On San Gabriel Ridges" "By Frazier Creek Falls" "Black Mesa Mine #1" "Up Branches of Duck River" "It Pleases" "Hemp" "The Wild Mushroom" "Mother Earth: Her Whales" "Affluence" "Ethnobotany" "Straight Creek—Great Burn" "The Hudsonian Curlew" "Two Fawns That Didn't See the Light This Spring" "Two Immortals" "Rain in Alleghany" "Avocado" "What Steps" "Why Log Truck Drivers Rise Earlier Than Students of Zen" "Bedrock" "The Dazzle" "'One Should Not Talk to a Skilled Hunter About What is Forbidden by the Buddha'" "L M F B R" "Walking Home from 'The Duchess of Malfi'" "Magpie's Song"
For the Children	"O Waters" "Gen" "Dusty Braces" "The Jemez Pueblo Rising" "Tomorrow's Song" "What Happened Here Before" "Toward Climax" "For the Children" "As for Poets"
Plain Talk	"Four Changes" "'Energy is Eternal Delight'" "The Wilderness" "What's Meant by 'Here'" "On 'As for Poets'"

Reception

For Poetry magazine, the critic Richard Howard reviewed Turtle Island alongside new collections by Marvin Bell and David Wagoner.[11] According to Howard, the book describes "where we are and where he wants us to be," although the difference between those two is "so vast that the largely good-humored resonance of the poems attests to Snyder's forbearance, his enforced detachment."[12] He praised the book's poems for their meditative quality and their lack of preachiness or invective.[13] He described the poems as "transitory, elliptical, extraterritorial" works, in which "the world becomes largely a matter of contours and traces to be guessed at, marveled over, left alone."[14]

In Library Journal, James McKenzie wrote:

In precise, disciplined, unromantic language and form (at its best resembling Pound's), Snyder's poems pare cleanly through the thick crust of late 20th-Century urban mass life, revealing its essentially incidental nature, connecting us with the creeks, mountains, birds, and bears of "North America" that were here long before it had that name and, nature prevailing, will be here after that name is lost, forgotten, destroyed.[15]

Writing for the Christian Science Monitor, Victor Howes praised the book's "gentle, uncomplicated love-lyrics to planet earth" and said it would be equally appealing to poetry readers and to conservationists.[16] Herbert Leibowitz, writing for the New York Times Book Review, was less enthusiastic. While Leibowitz found merit in a select few poems and praised Snyder's prose as "vigorous and persuasive", he found the collection "flat, humorless ... uneventful ... [and] oddly egotistical".[17] In his view, it was "a textbook example of the limits of Imagism."[17] Still, the critic said he was "reluctant to mention these doubts" because he found Snyder's fundamental environmentalist message to be so laudatory, even "on the side of the gods."[17]

The first American edition was limited to 2,000 copies.[18] As of 2005, the book had been reprinted roughly once a year in the United States, placing it among a handful of Snyder's books that have never gone out-of-print.[19] It has sold more than 100,000 copies.[20] The book has been translated into Swedish (by Reidar Ekner in 1974), French (by Brice Matthieussent in 1977), Japanese (by Nanao Sakaki in 1978), and German (by Ronald Steckel in 1980).[21]

Pulitzer Prize

Snyder received the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for Turtle Island in May 1975.[22] Because of Snyder's remoteness at Kitkitdizze, news of the award took some time to reach him.[7] It was the first time a Pulitzer had been given to a poet from the West Coast.[23] The prestigious award helped to legitimize Snyder's idiosyncratic worldview in the intellectual mainstream.[24]

Along with the award itself, Snyder received a check for $1,000 (equivalent to $4,751 in 2019). According to his friend Steve Sanfield, Snyder quietly donated the money to a local volunteer organization that was building a new school in the San Juan Ridge area. The volunteers told Snyder that they would probably spend the money on beer, Sanfield said, and "though none of us knew where those beers came from at the time, they sure did taste good."[25] Snyder maintained that the best perk of winning the Pulitzer Prize was that people no longer introduced him as "a Beat poet".[26]

Citations

1. Theado 2003, p. 413.
2. Hart 2004, p. 84.
3. Almon 1979, p. 31; Hart 2004, p. 83.
4. Sessions 1991, p. 367.
5. Almon 1979, pp. 31–32.
6. Snyder 1969, pp. 119–122.
7. Almon 1979, p. 39.
8. Gray 2006, p. 280.
9. Hicks 1991, p. 284.
10. Murphy 2007, p. 321.
11. Howard 1975, p. 346.
12. Howard 1975, p. 349.
13. Howard 1975, pp. 349–350.
14. Howard 1975, p. 350.
15. McKenzie 1974, p. 2970; Theado, pp. 418–419 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTheado (help)
16. Howes 1974, p. 10; Theado, pp. 419–420 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTheado (help)
17. Leibowitz 1975.
18. Sherlock 2010, p. 9.
19. Campbell 2005.
20. Duane 1996; Goodyear 2008.
21. Sherlock 2010, pp. 9–10.
22. Kihss 1975.
23. Hart 2004, p. 82.
24. Boekhoven 2011, p. 200.
25. Sanfield 1991, p. 119.
26. Breit 2017, p. 169; Sanfield 1991, p. 119.

References

Bibliography

Almon, Bert (1979). Gary Snyder. Western Writers Series. Boise State University. ISBN 0-88430-061-7 – via BSU Digital Collections, Special Collections and Archives.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Boekhoven, Jeroen W. (2011). Genealogies of Shamanism: Struggles for Power, Charisma and Authority. Barkhuis. ISBN 978-90-77922-92-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Breit, Luke (2017). "A Conversation with Gary Snyder". In Callone, David Stephen (ed.). Conversations with Gary Snyder. Literary conversations series. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. pp. 169–176. ISBN 978-1-4968-1162-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Gray, Timothy (2006). Gary Snyder and the Pacific Rim: Creating Countercultural Community. Contemporary North American Poetry Series. Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt20krzvz. ISBN 0-87745-976-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Hart, George (2004). "Gary Snyder, Turtle Island (1974)". In Hart, George; Slovic, Scott (eds.). Literature and the Environment. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 81–94. ISBN 0-313-32149-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Hicks, Jack (1991). "The Poet in the University". In Halper, Jon (ed.). Gary Snyder: Dimensions of a Life. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. pp. 275–284. ISBN 0-87156-636-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) (registration required)

McNulty, Tim (1991). "The Wilderness Poetic of Gary Snyder". In Halper, Jon (ed.). Gary Snyder: Dimensions of a Life. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. pp. 254–258. ISBN 0-87156-636-2 – via the Internet Archive.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) (registration required)

Murphy, Patrick (2007). "Turtle Island". In Hemmer, Kurt (ed.). Encyclopedia of Beat Literature. New York: Facts on File. pp. 321–324. ISBN 978-0-8160-4297-5 – via the Internet Archive.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Sanfield, Steve (1991). "As It Is". In Halper, Jon (ed.). Gary Snyder: Dimensions of a Life. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. pp. 117–119. ISBN 0-87156-636-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) (registration required)

Sessions, George (1991). "Gary Snyder: Post-Modern Man". In Halper, Jon (ed.). Gary Snyder: Dimensions of a Life. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. pp. 365–370. ISBN 0-87156-636-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) (registration required)

Sherlock, John (2010). Gary Snyder: A Bibliography of Works by and About Gary Snyder (PDF) (revised and expanded 2nd ed.). University of California, Davis Special Collections Department.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Taylor, Bron (2005). "Snyder, Gary (1930–) and the Invention of Bioregional Spirituality and Politics" (PDF). In Taylor, Bron (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 1562–1567. ISBN 978-1-84371-138-4 – via religionandnature.com.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Theado, Matt, ed. (2003). The Beats: A Literary Reference. Carrol & Graff. ISBN 0-7867-1099-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Wirth, Jason M. (2017). Mountains, Rivers, and the Great Earth: Reading Gary Snyder and Dōgen in an Age of Ecological Crisis. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-6543-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Journal and web articles

Campbell, James (July 15, 2005). "High peak haikus". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 6, 2017.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Campbell, James (January 9, 2009). "Howls". The New York Times Book Review.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Duane, Daniel (October 6, 1996). "A Poem, 40 Years Long". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 28, 2018. Retrieved June 3, 2019.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Freeman, John (April 22, 2019). "Every Day is Earth Day: 365 Books to Start Your Climate Change Library Part One: The Classics – Gary Snyder, Turtle Island (1974)". Literary Hub.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Goodyear, Dana (October 13, 2008). "Zen Master". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Howard, Richard (September 1975). "Three Found Poets". Poetry. 126 (6): 346–351. Archived from the original on October 4, 2018 – via the Poetry Foundation.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Howes, Victor (November 15, 1974). "Poet's Love Lyrics to Planet Earth". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 10.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Kern, Robert (Spring 1977). "Recipes, Catalogues, Open Form Poetics: Gary Snyder's Archetypal Voice". Contemporary Literature. University of Wisconsin Press. 18 (2): 173–197. doi:10.2307/1208042. JSTOR 1208042.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) (subscription required)

Kihss, James (May 6, 1975). "Pulitzer Prizes Awarded 2 Biographers and Albee". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 4, 2019. Retrieved June 3, 2019.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Leibowitz, Herbert (March 23, 1975). "Ecologies of the finite and the infinite". The New York Times Book Review.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

McKenzie, James (December 30, 1974). "Review of Turtle Island". Library Journal: 2970.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Snyder, Gary (November 1969). "The Hudsonian Curlew". Poetry. 115 (2): 119–122. Archived from the original on October 17, 2018 – via the Poetry Foundation.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Snyder, Gary (January 12, 1972). "Energy Is Eternal Delight". The New York Times.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Wilkinson, Loren (2016). "Critical Review: Wriglesworth, Distant Neighbors: The Selected Letters of Wendell Berry and Gary Snyder". The Trumpeter. Athabasca University. 32 (1): 75–88.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

External links

• Turtle Island at the Internet Archive; a digital copy of the book can be borrowed for 14 days with registration
• Turtle Island in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

Several poems from Turtle Island have been published online by the Poetry Foundation:

• "The Bath"
• "The Hudsonian Curlew"
• "I Went into the Maverick Bar"