Tropical Storm Arthur (1996)

Tropical Storm Arthur was the first tropical cyclone and named storm of the annual Atlantic hurricane season that caused minimal flooding in the Carolinas in mid-June 1996. Arthur originated from an area of increased convection east of the Bahamas on June 16. Gradually, the system increased in organization, and was designated as a tropical depression on June 17. The depression tracked north-northwest and became Tropical Storm Arthur while just offshore the Southeastern United States on June 19. Later that day, Arthur peaked with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h), but weakened slightly before making landfall in North Carolina early the following day. After striking North Carolina, Arthur tracked out to sea and weakened further to a tropical depression. By June 21, Arthur transitioned into an extratropical cyclone. Overall, impact from Arthur was minimal, limited to light rainfall and moderate surf in North and South Carolina, as well as a tornado in Florida. Total damage amounted to $1 million (1996 USD), but no fatalities were reported.[1]

Tropical Storm Arthur
Tropical Storm (SSHWS/NWS)
Tropical Storm Arthur at peak intensity just off the coast of North Carolina on June 19
FormedJune 17, 1996
DissipatedJune 24, 1996
(Extratropical after June 21, 1996)
Highest winds1-minute sustained: 45 mph (75 km/h)
Lowest pressure1004 mbar (hPa); 29.65 inHg
FatalitiesNone
Damage$1 million (1996 USD)
Areas affectedNorth Carolina
Part of the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season

Meteorological history
Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

On June 16, satellite imagery revealed an area of increased convection east of the Bahamas, which was believed to have been associated with a tropical wave.[2] On June 17, the convection increased in organization at the lower levels of the atmosphere. By 1800 UTC, the system had organized sufficiently to be designated as a tropical depression, making it the first of the season. Initially, the depression tracked north-northwest under the steering currents of the low-level flow around the western periphery of the Atlantic subtropical ridge. Strong wind shear due to fast upper-level winds associated with a cold-core low over the eastern Gulf of Mexico hindered further intensification for a time, but on June 18, an area of deep convection developed north of the center of circulation. Based on analysis of reconnaissance data, the tropical depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Arthur at 1900 UTC on June 19.[3]

Further strengthening occurred, as the storm attained peak winds of 45 mph (75 km/h).[2] With time, Arthur gradually turned northeast and made landfall near Cape Lookout, North Carolina early on June 20. The center moved over the Pamlico Sound and the Cape Hatteras National Seashore and exited into the Atlantic. Although the storm contained minimal deep convection, satellite imagery indicated that Arthur had a well-defined low-level center. The tropical storm weakened to a tropical depression about 100 mi (160 km) northeast of Cape Hatteras, and accelerated towards the northeast when westerly steering currents increased. Deep convection increased once again on June 21, although the lack of symmetry indicated that the remnants of Arthur were losing tropical characteristics. Forward speed increased to 40 mph (64 km/h) and the storm subsequently lost all tropical characteristics at 1200 UTC on June 21, while centered about 350 mi (560 km) north-northeast of Bermuda. The extratropical remnants tracked northeastward for 36 hours, and were last identified about midway between Newfoundland and the Azores, where it was absorbed by a much larger extratropical cyclone over the North Atlantic.[3]

Preparations and impact
Radar imagery of Tropical Storm Arthur impacting North Carolina

On June 18, a tropical storm warning was issued for coastal locations from Edisto Beach, South Carolina to Cape Lookout, North Carolina. Shortly thereafter, a tropical storm watch was issued north of Cape Lookout to the North Carolina/Virginia border, including Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds. The tropical storm watch was later extended from the North Carolina/Virginia border to Cape Charles, Virginia, including Virginia Beach. By late on June 19, all advisories were discontinued.[3]

One tornado touched down in Florida, causing no known fatalities or injuries.[4] As the center of Arthur passed 75 mi (121 km) east of Cape Romain, South Carolina, minor increases in surf were reported. In North Carolina, swells ranged as high as 7 ft (2.1 m).[1] Rainfall peaked at 5.85 inches (149 mm) in Georgetown, South Carolina,[5] though because it fell gradually, no significant flooding was reported,[6] other than minor ponding of water on roads.[7] In addition, Arthur also brought precipitation to Georgia and Virginia, though the amounts of rainfall recorded rarely exceeded 3 inches (76 mm). Sustained winds of 46 mph (74 km/h) were reported, and offshore, the Atlantic Huron reported a sustained wind of 48 mph (77 km/h) at 1500 UTC on June 19, while located 35 mi (56 km) southeast of Arthur's center. In addition, a C-Man station located about 34.5 mi (55.5 km) southeast of Cape Fear, North Carolina reported sustained winds of 39 mph (64 km/h) and gusts up to 45 mph (75 km/h).[3] Overall, damage caused by Arthur was minimal, totaling only $1 million (1996 USD).[1]

gollark: Addition is commutative. Switching the order of the terms right cannot possibly change the solutions to the quadratic.
gollark: It is not. Again, a isn't "the first thing" but "the x^2 thing".
gollark: That is also true but not what I mean here.
gollark: This is called commutativity.
gollark: It's entirely valid to reorder things you're adding together and the answer is the same.

See also

References
  1. National Climatic Data Center (1996). "Event report for Tropical Storm Arthur (2)". Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
  2. Richard Pasch & Lixion Avila (May 1998). "Atlantic hurricane season of 1996" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
  3. Max Mayfield (August 19, 1996). "Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Arthur". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
  4. TornadoProject. "List of Known Tropical Cyclones Which Have Spawned Tornadoes". Retrieved November 21, 2011.
  5. David Roth (November 25, 2011). "Tropical Storm Arthur June 17-20, 1996". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
  6. National Climatic Data Center (1996). "Event report for Tropical Storm Arthur". Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
  7. National Climatic Data Center (1996). "Event report for Tropical Storm Arthur (3)". Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
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