Tight junction

Tight junctions, also known as occluding junctions or zonulae occludentes (singular, zonula occludens) are multiprotein junctional complexes whose general function is to prevent leakage of transported solutes and water and seals the paracellular pathway. Tight junctions may also serve as leaky pathways by forming selective channels for small cations, anions, or water. Tight junctions are present mostly in vertebrates (with the exeption of Tunicates[1]). The corresponding junctions that occur in invertebrates are septate junctions.

Tight junction
Diagram of Tight junction
Details
Identifiers
Latinjunctio occludens
MeSHD019108
THH1.00.01.1.02007
FMA67397
Anatomical terminology

Structure

Tight junctions are composed of a branching network of sealing strands, each strand acting independently from the others. Therefore, the efficiency of the junction in preventing ion passage increases exponentially with the number of strands. Each strand is formed from a row of transmembrane proteins embedded in both plasma membranes, with extracellular domains joining one another directly. There are at least 40 different proteins composing the tight junctions.[2] These proteins consist of both transmembrane and cytoplasmic proteins. The three major transmembrane proteins are occludin, claudins, and junction adhesion molecule (JAM) proteins. These associate with different peripheral membrane proteins such as ZO-1 located on the intracellular side of plasma membrane, which anchor the strands to the actin component of the cytoskeleton.[3] Thus, tight junctions join together the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells.

Depiction of the transmembrane proteins that make up tight junctions: occludin, claudins, and JAM proteins.

Transmembrane proteins:

  • Occludin was the first integral membrane protein to be identified. It has a molecular weight of ~60kDa. It consists of four transmembrane domains and both the N-terminus and the C-terminus of the protein are intracellular. It forms two extracellular loops and one intracellular loop. These loops help regulate paracellular permeability.[4] Occludin also plays a key role in cellular structure and barrier function.[5]
  • Claudins were discovered after occludin and are a family of 24 different mammalian proteins.[6] They have a molecular weight of ~20kDa. They have a structure similar to that of occludin in that they have four transmembrane domains and similar loop structure. They are understood to be the backbone of tight junctions and play a significant role in the tight junction's ability to seal the paracellular space.[7] Different claudins are found in different locations throughout the human body.
  • Junction Adhesion Molecules (JAM) are part of the immunoglobulin superfamily. They have a molecular weight of ~40kDa. Their structure differs from that of the other integral membrane proteins in that they only have one transmembrane protein instead of four. It helps to regulate the paracellular pathway function of tight junctions and is also involved in helping to maintain cell polarity.[8]

Functions

They perform vital functions:[9]

  • They hold cells together.
  • Barrier function, which can be further subdivided into protective barriers and functional barriers serving purposes such as material transport and maintenance of osmotic balance:
    • Tight junctions help to maintain the polarity of cells by preventing the lateral diffusion of integral membrane proteins between the apical and lateral/basal surfaces, allowing the specialized functions of each surface (for example receptor-mediated endocytosis at the apical surface and exocytosis at the basolateral surface) to be preserved. This aims to preserve the transcellular transport.
    • Tight junctions prevent the passage of molecules and ions through the space between plasma membranes of adjacent cells, so materials must actually enter the cells (by diffusion or active transport) in order to pass through the tissue. Investigation using freeze-fracture methods in electron microscopy is ideal for revealing the lateral extent of tight junctions in cell membranes and has been useful in showing how tight junctions are formed.[10] The constrained intracellular pathway exacted by the tight junction barrier system allows precise control over which substances can pass through a particular tissue. (Tight junctions play this role in maintaining the blood–brain barrier.) At the present time, it is still unclear whether the control is active or passive and how these pathways are formed. In one study for paracellular transport across the tight junction in kidney proximal tubule, a dual pathway model is proposed: large slit breaks formed by infrequent discontinuities in the TJ complex and numerous small circular pores.[11]

In human physiology there are two main types of epithelia using distinct types of barrier mechanism. Epidermal structures such as skin form a barrier from many layers of keratinized squamous cells. Internal epithelia on the other hand more often rely on tight junctions for their barrier function. This kind of barrier is mostly formed by only one or two layers of cells. It was long unclear whether tight cell junctions also play any role in the barrier function of the skin and similar external epithelia but recent research suggests that this is indeed the case.[12]

Classification

Epithelia are classed as "tight" or "leaky", depending on the ability of the tight junctions to prevent water and solute movement:[13]

  • Tight epithelia have tight junctions that prevent most movement between cells. Examples of tight epithelia include the distal convoluted tubule, the collecting duct of the nephron in the kidney, and the bile ducts ramifying through liver tissue. Other examples are the blood-brain barrier and the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier
  • Leaky epithelia do not have these tight junctions, or have less complex tight junctions. For instance, the tight junction in the kidney proximal tubule, a very leaky epithelium, has only two to three junctional strands, and these strands exhibit infrequent large slit breaks.
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See also
TEM of negatively stained proximal convoluted tubule of Rat kidney tissue at a magnification of ~55,000x and 80 kV with Tight junction. Note that the three dark lines of density correspond to the density of the protein complex, and the light lines in between correspond to the paracellular space.

References
  1. Banerjee, Swati; Sousa, Aurea D.; Bhat, Manzoor A. (2006). "Organization and Function of Septate Junctions: An Evolutionary Perspective". Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics. 46 (1): 65–78. doi:10.1385/CBB:46:1:65. ISSN 1085-9195.
  2. Itallie, Christina M. Van; Anderson, James M. (2009-08-01). "Physiology and Function of the Tight Junction". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 1 (2): a002584. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a002584. ISSN 1943-0264. PMC 2742087. PMID 20066090.
  3. Anderson, JM; Van Itallie, CM (August 2009). "Physiology and function of the tight junction". Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 1 (2): a002584. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a002584. PMC 2742087. PMID 20066090.
  4. Wolburg, Hartwig; Lippoldt, Andrea; Ebnet, Klaus (2006), "Tight Junctions and the Blood-Brain Barrier", Tight Junctions, Springer US, pp. 175–195, doi:10.1007/0-387-36673-3_13, ISBN 9780387332017
  5. Liu, Wei-Ye; Wang, Zhi-Bin; Zhang, Li-Chao; Wei, Xin; Li, Ling (2012-06-12). "Tight Junction in Blood-Brain Barrier: An Overview of Structure, Regulation, and Regulator Substances". CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics. 18 (8): 609–615. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2012.00340.x. ISSN 1755-5930. PMC 6493516. PMID 22686334.
  6. Schneeberger, Eveline E.; Lynch, Robert D. (June 2004). "The tight junction: a multifunctional complex". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 286 (6): C1213–C1228. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00558.2003. ISSN 0363-6143. PMID 15151915.
  7. Mitic, Laura L.; Van Itallie, Christina M.; Anderson, James M. (August 2000). "Molecular Physiology and Pathophysiology of Tight Junctions I. Tight junction structure and function: lessons from mutant animals and proteins". American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 279 (2): G250–G254. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.2000.279.2.g250. ISSN 0193-1857.
  8. Luissint, Anny-Claude; Artus, Cédric; Glacial, Fabienne; Ganeshamoorthy, Kayathiri; Couraud, Pierre-Olivier (2012-11-09). "Tight junctions at the blood brain barrier: physiological architecture and disease-associated dysregulation". Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. 9 (1): 23. doi:10.1186/2045-8118-9-23. ISSN 2045-8118. PMC 3542074. PMID 23140302.
  9. Department, Biology. "Tight Junctions (and other cellular connections)". Davidson College. Retrieved 2015-01-12.
  10. Chalcroft, J. P.; Bullivant, S (1970). "An interpretation of liver cell membrane and junction structure based on observation of freeze-fracture replicas of both sides of the fracture". The Journal of Cell Biology. 47 (1): 49–60. doi:10.1083/jcb.47.1.49. PMC 2108397. PMID 4935338.
  11. Guo, P; Weinstein, AM; Weinbaum, S (Aug 2003). "A dual-pathway ultrastructural model for the tight junction of rat proximal tubule epithelium". American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology. 285 (2): F241–57. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00331.2002. PMID 12670832.
  12. Kirschner, Nina; Brandner, JM (June 2012). "Barriers and more: functions of tight junction proteins in the skin". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1257: 158–166. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06554.x. PMID 22671602.
  13. Department, Biology. "Tight Junctions and other cellular connections". Davidson College. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
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