Thyroid lymphoma
Thyroid lymphoma is a rare cancer constituting 1% to 2% of all thyroid cancers and less than 2% of lymphomas. Thyroid lymphomas are classified as non–Hodgkin's B-cell lymphomas in a majority of cases, although Hodgkin's lymphoma of the thyroid has also been identified.[1]
| Thyroid lymphoma | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | ENT surgery, endocrinology, oncology |
Signs and symptoms
As with other thyroid lesions, thyroid lymphoma affects predominantly females over 70 years of age with a history of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Thus, Hashimoto's thyroiditis is considered a risk factor for thyroid lymphoma development. Thyroid lymphoma manifests as a rapidly enlarging neck mass which may compress the nearby trachea thereby causing narrowing or obstruction of the airway resulting in breathing difficulties or even respiratory failure. On physical examination, affected people typically exhibit a firm thyroid gland and enlarged lymph nodes.
- Painless neck mass
- Hoarseness
- Difficulty swallowing
- Signs of tracheal compression
Diagnosis
Thyroid lymphoma poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. This is because several manifestation patterns are similar to those of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) helps distinguish the two entities preoperatively.
Histopathology
The majority of thyroid lymphomas are non–Hodgkin's B-cell lymphomas; a minority exhibit properties of T-cell lymphomas .
- Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with marginal zone
- Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma without marginal zone
- Marginal zone В-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
- Follicular lymphoma
Staging
Staging of thyroid lymphoma is shown in the table below
| Stage | Characteristics |
|---|---|
| 1Е | Lymphoma is located within the thyroid |
| 2Е | Lymphoma is located within the thyroid and regional lymph-nodes |
| 3Е | Lymphoma is located at both sides of diaphragm |
| 4Е | Dissemination of lymphoma |
Treatment
Combined modality therapy is the most common approach for the initial treatment of thyroid lymphomas. The CHOP regimen (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone) has been shown to be highly effective for many types of thyroid lymphoma. However, it is suggested to perform radiation therapy only for MALT resulting a 96% complete response, with only a 30% relapse rate. Surgical treatment might be performed for patients with thyroid lymphoma in addition to chemotherapy and radiation, particularly for MALT lymphomas.
Prognosis
The factors of poor prognosis for people with thyroid lymphoma are advanced stage of the tumor, large size (>10 cm) as well as spreading to mediastinum. The overall survival for primary thyroid lymphoma is 50% to 70%, ranging from 80% in stage IE to less than 36% in stage IIE and IVE in 5 years.
References
- Sakorafas GH, Kokkoris P, Farley DR (2010). "Primary thyroid lymphoma (correction of lympoma): diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas". Surg Oncol. 19 (4): 124–29. doi:10.1016/j.suronc.2010.06.002. PMID 20620043.