Thomas Dangerfield

Thomas Dangerfield (ca. 1650 – 22 June 1685) was an English conspirator, who became one of the principal informers in the Popish Plot. His death was a homicide, although whether the killing was murder or manslaughter was a matter of considerable public debate at the time.

The pillorying and the whipping of Thomas Dangerfield, June 1685

Biography

Dangerfield was born about 1650 at Waltham Abbey, Essex, the son of a farmer. At the age of about 12 in about 1662, he ran away from home to London, and never returned to his home.

He began his career of crime by robbing his father of both horses and money, and, after a rambling life, which brought him to Scotland, France, Spain and Portugal, took to coining counterfeit money, for which offence and numerous others he was many times imprisoned: it was said later that to describe his career one need simply list every capital crime known to English law. [1] Lord Chief Justice Scroggs later referred to him with contempt as "that fellow from Chelmsford gaol", and he also spent time in Newgate Prison.[2] He used a number of aliases, most commonly Willoughby.[3]

Popish Plot

False to everyone, he first tried to involve James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth and others by concocting information about a Presbyterian plot against the throne, and this having been proved a lie, he pretended to have discovered a Catholic plot against Charles II. This was known as the Mealtub Plot, from the place where the incriminating documents were hidden at his suggestion, and found by the King's officers by his information.[4]

Mrs Elizabeth Cellier, in whose house the meal tub was found, was a well- known Roman Catholic midwife and almoner to Elizabeth Herbert, Marchioness of Powis. She had rescued Dangerfield from a debtors' prison and befriended him when he posed as a Catholic. She was, with her patroness Lady Powis, tried for high treason but acquitted in 1680: with the general waning of hysteria, men as disreputable as Dangerfield were no longer considered to be credible witnesses. [5]

For a time Dangerfield was used as a secondary witness in the Popish Plot trials to supplement the evidence of Titus Oates and William Bedloe. However his character was so unsavoury, even compared to that of the other informers, that Chief Justice William Scroggs, who knew his record of crime thoroughly, began instructing juries to disregard the evidence of "so notorious a villain.... I shall shake all such fellows before I am done". When Dangerfield protested that he had sincerely repented of his former crimes, Scroggs, who did not tolerate interruptions in his Court, roared: "What, do you with all the mischief that Hell hath in you, dare to brave it in a court of justice?" [6]

Dangerfield, when examined at the bar of the House of Commons, made other charges against prominent Roman Catholics, and attempted to defend his character by publishing, among other pamphlets, Dangerfield's Narrative.

Murder

The publication of his Narrative led, once public opinion had turned against the informers, to his trial for libel, (Kenyon notes that he could not as the law stood be tried for perjury as no-one had actually been convicted on his evidence.)[7] Dangerfield went into hiding in 1684 as soon as he heard about the threatened trial, but when James succeeded as King on February 1685 the new Government made a determined search for him, and found him. On 20 June 1685 he received sentence to stand in the pillory on two consecutive days, be whipped from Aldgate to Newgate, and two days later from Newgate to Tyburn.[8] On his way back from the first whipping on 22 June Dangerfield, who rather surprisingly was travelling by coach, got into an argument at Hatton Garden with a barrister, Robert Francis, who made a jeering remark. Dangerfield in return spat on him, whereupon Francis struck Dangerfield in the eye with his cane: the cane apparently entered the brain, and Dangerfield died shortly afterwards from the blow.[9]

Francis was tried and convicted for murder, and sentenced to death.[10] Several witnesses testified that he had deliberately stabbed at Dangerfield's eye, and there was also evidence that he had said something to the effect that "he would save the hangman the trouble of killing Dangerfield".[11] Nonetheless the verdict of murder came as something of a surprise to the public, the general view being that the death "could scarce be even called manslaughter". King James II was solicited strongly to give Francis a royal pardon, but, despite his low opinion of Dangerfield, he said that it would be wrong to let his murderer go unpunished, and Francis was duly executed.[12]

The Narrative- aftermath

In 1684 Sir William Williams, later Solicitor General, who as Speaker of the House of Commons had authorised the publication of Dangerfield's Narrative in 1680, was heavily fined for a libel on James II and another on Lord Peterborough as a result. James, with more magnaminity then he usually showed to political opponents, reduced both fines, and later restored Williams to royal favour and appointed him Solicitor General.[13]

In fiction

He is the subject, and perhaps the author, of Don Tomazo, or The Juvenile Rambles of Thomas Dangerfield (1680), a comic, self-consciously literary novel that presents Dangerfield as a clever and resourceful rogue. It is reprinted in Spiro Peterson's The Counterfeit Lady Unveiled and Other Criminal Fiction of Seventeenth-Century England (1961) and in Paul Salzman's Anthology of Seventeenth-Century Fiction (1991).

Notes

1. Kenyon, J. P. The Popish Plot Phoenix Press reissue 2000 p.216
2. Kenyon p.227
3. Kenyon p.216
4. Kenyon p.216
5. Kenyon p.228
6. Kenyon pp.227-8
7. Kenyon p.295
8. Kenyon p.295
9. Howelll State Trials London 1811 Vol. XI p.505
10. State Trials p.506
11. State Trials p.506
12. State Trials p.506
13. Milne-Tyte, Robert Bloody Jeffreys-the Hanging Judge 1989 André Deutsch p.188

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Dangerfield, Thomas". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.