Thalassiosira weissflogii

Thalassiosira weissflogii
Scientific classification
(unranked):	SAR
Superphylum:	Heterokonta
Class:	Coscinodiscophyceae
Order:	Thalassiosirales
Family:	Thalassiosiraceae
Genus:	Thalassiosira
Species:	T. weissflogii
Binomial name
	Thalassiosira weissflogii; (Grunow) G.Fryxell & Hasle, 1977 [1]
Synonyms[1]
	Micropodiscus weissflogii Grunow in van Heurck, 1882; Thalassiosira fluviatilis Hustedt, 1926; Coscinodiscus fallax [2];

Thalassiosira weissflogii is a species of centric diatoms, a unicellular microalga. It is found in marine environments and also in inland waters in many parts of the world. It is actively studied because it may use C4-plant style strategies to increase its photosynthetic efficiency.[3]

Taxonomy

rDNA evidence suggests that Thalassiosira weissflogii is a species complex and that several different genetic populations exist. There was found to be a divergence between one clade from the east and west Atlantic Ocean and California and another from Hawaii and Indonesia. The latter was considered to consist of two different biological species, one from Hawaii and one from the Indonesian archipelago.[4]

Description

Thalassiosira weissflogii is a short cylinder in shape and varies in size from 4 to 32 µm in diameter. It tends to be larger in winter, typically 15 µm in diameter, but smaller in summer (5 µm).[5] It occurs both singly and in groups and may be embedded in a gelatinous matrix. There is a silicaceous cell wall with two frustules or valves, a larger epivalve and a smaller hypovalve. The face of the valves vary in shape but are basically irregular rings with one labiate and two or more central processes. Other features that may be present include an irregularly shaped areola or pore, further processes on the rim of the valves, marginal spines, striations and thick radial ribs.[2]

Distribution and habitat

The native range of Thalassiosira weissflogii is unclear, but it is found in marine, brackish and freshwater environments. It seems to grow best at higher salinities [6] and occurs in coastal waters in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and in rivers and lakes in Europe, Asia, South and North America, including the Great Lakes, where it was thought to have been introduced in ballast water.[2]

Ecology

Thalassiosira weissflogii is non-toxic but it is sometimes associated with other microalgae that cause algal blooms or red tides.[2]

It is very tolerant to poor water quality. It flourishes in environments with high carbon dioxide levels,[7] high chlorine, high cadmium [8] and high pH.[9] Its growth may be limited by the availability of iron, nickel, zinc, nitrogen and silicon.[2] Cadmium is actually a nutrient for the diatom, and not just a toxin. If zinc is deficient in the environment, the diatom switches to a different version of carbonic anhydrase enzyme, which uses cadmium instead of zinc as a cofactor.[10]

Biology

Reproduction in Thalassiosira weissflogii can be by either asexual or sexual means. The asexual phase involves cell division with each of the new individuals receiving one of the valves. This means that the offspring are of unequal sizes and successive generations tend to decrease in size. Large individuals can also reproduce sexually. This event may be triggered by some external factor such as a variation in light intensity, temperature or day length.[11]

Uses

In aquaculture, Thalassiosira weissflogii is used to feed to shrimp and shellfish larvae in hatcheries. It is considered preferable for this purpose to the other commercially available microalgae, Chaetoceros and Tetraselmis, because of its larger size which means it can continue to be used at more advanced larval stages. It is available as a culture of "Instant Algae" which can be stored at 0-4 °C.[5]

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References

Thalassiosira weissflogii (Grunow) G.Fryxell & Hasle, 1977 World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
Thalassiosira weissflogii (Grunow) G. Fryxell & Hasle, (1896) 1977 USGS. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
Roberts, K.; Granum, E.; Leegood, R. C.; Raven, J. A. (20 July 2007). "C3 and C4 Pathways of Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation in Marine Diatoms Are under Genetic, Not Environmental, Control". Plant Physiology. 145 (1): 230–235. doi:10.1104/pp.107.102616. PMC 1976569. PMID 17644625.
Sorhannus Ulf; Ortiz JD; Wolf M; Fox MG. (2010). "Microevolution and speciation in Thalassiosira weissflogii (Bacillariophyta)". Protist. 161 (2): 237–249. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2009.10.003. PMID 20018562.
TW1200 Archived 2011-11-29 at the Wayback Machine Reed Mariculture Inc. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
Vrieling, E. G.; Poort, L.; Beelen, T. P. M.; Gieskes, W. W. C. (1999). "Growth and silica content of the diatoms Thalassiosira weissflogii and Navicula salinarum at different salinities and enrichments with aluminium". European Journal of Phycology. 34 (3): 307–316. doi:10.1017/s0967026299002206.
Ishida, Y., N. Hiragushi, H. Kitaguchi, A. Mitsutani, S. Nagai, and M. Yoshimura. 2000. A highly CO2-tolerant diatom, Thalassiosira weissflogi H1, enriched from coastal sea, and its fatty acid composition. Fisheries Science (Tokyo) 66(4):655-659.
Lee, J. G.; Roberts, S. B.; Morel, F. M. M. (1995). "Cadmium: a nutrient for the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii". Limnology and Oceanography. 40 (6): 1056–1063. Bibcode:1995LimOc..40.1056L. doi:10.4319/lo.1995.40.6.1056.
Sala, S. E. 1997. Diatom flora of Paso de las Piedras impounding, Buenos Aires Province IV: Order Centrales. Gayana Botanica 54(1):1-14.
Lane TW, Saito MA, George GN, Pickering IJ, Prince RC, Morel FM (May 2005). "Biochemistry: a cadmium enzyme from a marine diatom". Nature. 435 (7038): 42. Bibcode:2005Natur.435...42L. doi:10.1038/435042a. PMID 15875011. Lay summary – SSRL Science Highlight.
Armbrust, E. V. (1999). "Identification of a new gene family expressed during the onset of sexual reproduction in the centric diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 65 (7): 3121–3128. doi:10.1128/AEM.65.7.3121-3128.1999.