Eustigmatophyte

Eustigmatophytes are a small group (17 genera; ~107 species) of eukaryotic algae that includes marine, freshwater and soil-living species.[1][2]

Eustigmatophyte
Nannochloropsis sp.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Chromista
Phylum: Ochrophyta
Class: Eustigmatophyceae
Hibberd & Leedale, 1971
Order
Nannochloropsis sp.

All eustigmatophytes are unicellular, with coccoid cells and polysaccharide cell walls. Eustigmatophytes contain one or more yellow-green chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll a and the accessory pigments violaxanthin and β-carotene. Eustigmatophyte zoids (gametes) possess a single or pair of flagella, originating from the apex of the cell. Unlike other heterokontophytes, eustigmatophyte zoids do not have typical photoreceptive organelles (or eyespots); instead an orange-red eyespot outside a chloroplast is located at the anterior end of the zoid.

Ecologically, eustigmatophytes occur as photosynthetic autotrophs across a range of systems. Most eustigmatophyte genera live in freshwater or in soil, although Nannochloropsis contains marine species of picophytoplankton (2–4 μm).

The class was erected to include some algae previously classified in the Xanthophyceae.[3]

Classification
  • Class Eustigmatophyceae Hibberd & Leedale 1970
    • Order Eustigmatales Hibberd 1981
      • Genus Paraeustigmatos Fawley, Nemcová, & Fawley 2019
      • Family Eustigmataceae Hibberd 1981 [Chlorobothryaceae Pascher 1925; Pseudocharaciopsidaceae Lee & Bold ex Hibberd 1981]
        • Genus ?Ellipsoidion Pascher 1937
        • Genus Chlorobotrys Bohlin 1901
        • Genus Eustigmatos Hibberd 1981
        • Genus Pseudocharaciopsis Lee & Bold 1973
        • Genus Pseudostaurastrum Chodat 1921
        • Genus Vischeria Pascher 1938
      • Family Monodopsidaceae Hibberd 1981 [Loboceae Hegewald 2007[4]]
        • Genus Microchloropsis Fawley, Jameson & Fawley 2015
        • Genus Monodopsis Hibberd 1981
        • Genus Nannochloropsis Hibberd 1981
        • Genus Pseudotetraedriella Hegewald & Padisák 2007
      • Family Neomonodaceae Amaral et al. 2020
        • Genus ?Botryochloropsis Preisig & Wilhelm 1989
        • Genus Characiopsiella Amaral et al. 2020
        • Genus Munda Amaral et al. 2020
        • Genus Neomonodus Amaral et al. 2020
        • Genus Pseudellipsoidion Neustupa & Nemková 2001
    • Order Goniochloridales Fawley, Elias & Fawley 2013
      • Family Goniochloridaceae
        • Genus Goniochloris Geitler 1928
        • Genus Pseudostaurastrum Chodat 1921
        • Genus Tetraedriella Pascher 1930
        • Genus Trachydiscus H.Ettl 1964
        • Genus Vacuoliviride Nakayama et al. 2015

Phylogeny

Phylogeny of Eustigmatophyceae based on the work of Amaral et al 2020[5]

 
Goniochloridales
Goniochloridaceae
 
 

Goniochloris

 
 

Trachydiscus

 
 
 
 

Vacuoliviride

 
 
 

Pseudostaurastrum

 
 

Tetraedriella

 
 
 
 
 
Eustigmatales
 

Paraeustigmatos

 
 
Neomonodaceae
 

Pseudellipsoidion

 
 
 

Characiopsiella

 
 
 

Munda

 
 

Neomonodus

 
 
 
 
 
Monodopsidaceae
 
 

Pseudotetraedriella

 
 

Monodopsis

 
 
 
 

Microchloropsis

 
 

Nannochloropsis

 
 
 
Eustigmataceae
 

Pseudocharaciopsis

 
 
 

Chlorobotrys

 
 
 

Eustigmatos

 
 

Eustigmatos

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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References
  1. Hoek, C. van den; Mann, D.G.; Jahns, H.M. (1995). Algae : An introduction to phycology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521316873.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. (2016). "Eustigmatales". AlgaeBase. National University of Ireland, Galway.
  3. Hoek, Mann & Jahns 1995, p. 131
  4. Hegewald, E.; Padisák, J.; Friedl, T. (2007). "Pseudotetraëdriella kamillae: taxonomy and ecology of a new member of the algal class Eustigmatophyceae (Stramenopiles)". Hydrobiologia. 586 (1): 107–116. doi:10.1007/s10750-006-0566-5. S2CID 37483551.
  5. Amaral, R.; Fawley, K.P.; Němcová, Y.; Ševčíková, T.; Lukešová, A.; Fawley, M.W.; Santos, L.M.A.; Eliáš, M. (2020). "Toward Modern Classification of Eustigmatophytes, Including the Description of Neomonodaceae Fam. Nov. and Three New Genera". Journal of Phycology. 56 (3): 630–648. doi:10.1111/jpy.12980. PMID 32068883.


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