Talking animal

A talking animal or speaking animal is any non-human animal that can produce sounds or gestures resembling those of a human language.[1] Several species or groups of animals have developed forms of communication which superficially resemble verbal language, however, these usually are not considered a language because they lack one or more of the defining characteristics, e.g. grammar, syntax, recursion and displacement. Researchers have been successful in teaching some animals to make gestures similar to sign language[2][3], although whether this should be considered a language has been disputed.[4]

For talking animals in folklore and storytelling, see Talking animals in fiction.

Possibility of animal language
Clever Hans performing

The term refers to animals which can imitate (though not necessarily understand) human speech. Parrots, for example, repeat phrases of human speech through exposure.[5] It is a form of anthropomorphism to call this simple repeating a language, as it has no semantic grounding. However there were parrots that learnt to use words in proper context and had meaningful dialogues with humans. Alex, an African grey, understood questions about color, shape, size, number etc. of objects and would provide a one-word answer to them.[6] He is also documented to have asked an existential question.[7] Another grey parrot, N'kisi, could use 950 words in proper context, was able to form sentences and even understood the concept of grammatical tense.[8]

Researchers have attempted to teach great apes (gorillas, chimpanzees and orangutans) spoken language with poor results as they can only be taught how to say one or a few basic or limited words or phrases or less, and sign language with significantly better results as they can be very creative with various hand signals like those of deaf people. In this regard, there are now numerous studies and an extensive bibliography.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] However, even the best communicating great ape has shown an inability to grasp the idea of syntax and grammar, instead communicating at best at the same level as a pidgin language in humans. They are expressive and communicative, but lack the formality that remains unique to human speech.

Research supports the idea that the linguistic limitations in animals are due to limited general brainpower (as opposed to lack of a specific module), and that words are created by breaking down sentences into pieces, making grammar more basic than semantics.[19]

Reported cases by species

Birds
Main articles: Bird vocalisation and Talking bird
  • Alex, a grey parrot researched and trained by Dr. Irene Pepperberg, demonstrated knowledge of cca. 100 words, understood the meaning of several types of questions and was documented to ask one question about himself.[6][7]
  • N'kisi, a grey parrot, knows over 900 words, can form sentences and even understands grammatical tense.[8]

Dogs
"Talking dog" redirects here. For other uses, see Talking dog (disambiguation).
Main article: Dog communication
See also: Hundesprechschule Asra

An owner hears a dog making a sound that resembles a phrase says the phrase back to the dog, who then repeats the sound and is rewarded with a treat. Eventually the dog learns a modified version of the original sound. Dogs have limited vocal imitation skills, so these sounds usually need to be shaped by selective attention and social reward.[20]

  • A dog on America's Funniest Home Videos named Fluffy, made noises that to some viewers resembled "I want my momma" after being asked "Do you want your momma?". Other videos showed other dogs making noises which to some viewers resembling "Run around", "I want it", "I love momma" and "Hello".
  • Odie, a pug who produced noises resembling "I love you" on demand, made appearances on several television shows.[21]
  • Paranormal researcher Charles Fort wrote in his book Wild Talents (1932) of several alleged cases of dogs that could speak English. Fort took the stories from contemporary newspaper accounts.
  • In 1715 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz published an account of his encounter with a talking dog that could pronounce about 30 words.[22]
  • Don, a German pointer born around the beginning of the 20th century, was a dog that was reputed to be able to pronounce a couple of words in German and became a vaudeville sensation as a result. Although most scientists at the time dismissed Don's capabilities, the author Jan Bondeson puts forward an argument that Don was genuinely capable of limited human speech and criticises the tests that were performed on Don at the time as having serious methodological flaws.[23]
  • In 1959 a German sheepdog by the name of Corinna living in Prague spontaneously developed a capability for limited human speech. According to the zoologist Hermann Hartwigg, published under the pseudonym 'Hermann Dembeck', Corinna 'holds the record in modern times for its talking prowess'.[24]

Cats
Main article: Cat communication
  • The case of a cat that was videotaped speaking purported human words and phrases such as "Oh my dog", "Oh Long John", "Oh Long Johnson", "Oh Don piano", "Why I eyes ya", and "All the live long day"[25] became an Internet phenomenon in 2006. Footage of this cat, nicknamed Oh Long Johnson from one of the phrases spoken, was featured on America's Funniest Home Videos in 1998, and a longer version of the clip (which revealed the animal was reacting to the presence of another cat) was aired in the UK. Clips from this video are prevalent on YouTube. The cat appeared as a character in "Faith Hilling", the 226th episode of South Park, which aired on March 28, 2012.
  • Miles v. City Council of Augusta, Georgia, in which the court found that the exhibition of a talking cat was considered an occupation for the purposes of municipal licensing law.

Great apes
Main article: Great ape language

Great apes mimicking human speech is rare although some of them have attempted to do so by often watching and mimicking the gestures, and voices from their human trainers. Apparently, human voice control in non-human great apes could derive from an evolutionary ancestor with similar voice control capacities. These include chimpanzees and orangutans.

  • Johnny (1944–2007), was a chimpanzee that could also clearly say the word "mama".
  • In 1962, Bioparco di Roma, a chimpanzee named Renata could clearly say the word "mama" when praised by her trainer.
  • Kokomo Jr., was a chimpanzee and mascot of the Today show, who was known to say the word "mama".
  • Viki was a chimpanzee that could voice four words:
    • mama
    • papa
    • up
    • cup
  • Tilda (born 1965, Borneo), is an orangutan who responds to her keepers in a human-like manner e.g. pointing to the food and repeating the word "Cologne Zoo" by controlling her lips and tongue, as well as manipulating her vocal chords. To do this, she clicks her tongue to produce various tones of her voice, and grumbles in a way that is comparable to humans making vowel sounds. She only does this during feeding time when she wants to attract her keepers' attention. This was mainly due to her former time being taught by a human trainer while she was in the entertainment business.
  • Rocky (born September 25, 2004), resident of the Indianapolis Zoo, is an orangutan that can say the word "hi". He was the very first ape to produce sounds similar to words in a "conversational context". These sounds have been recorded in use and can be seen here. In the video, Rocky is participating in a training session wherein he is being asked to produce vocals outside of the typical orangutan "vocabulary." [26] The Indianapolis Zoo made a public statement about Rocky's vocalizations and their implications for current and future studies.

Elephants
  • Batyr (1969–1993), an elephant from Kazakhstan, was reported to have a vocabulary of more than 20 phrases. Recordings of Batyr saying "Batyr is good", "Batyr is hungry", and words such as "drink" and "give" were played on Kazakh state radio in 1980.[27]
  • Kosik (born 1990) is an elephant able to imitate Korean words.[28]

Cetaceans
Main article: Whale vocalization

Some of the species of toothed whales like dolphins and porpoises such as beluga whales and killer whales can imitate the patterns of human speech.[29]

  • NOC, a captive beluga whale in the United States Navy's Cold Ops program, could mimic some words well enough to confuse Navy divers on at least one occasion.[30]
  • John C. Lilly's assistant Margaret Howe trained a dolphin named Peter to produce several words, including a credible "Mar-ga-ret".
  • Wikie is a killer whale that can say "hello", "goodbye", and "Amy" (her trainer).

Others
  • Hoover was a harbor seal who repeated common phrases heard around his exhibit at the New England Aquarium, including his name. He appeared in publications like Reader's Digest and The New Yorker, and television programs like Good Morning America.[31]
  • Gef the talking mongoose was an alleged talking animal who inhabited a small house on the Isle of Man, off the coast of Great Britain. Fringe authors believe Gef was a poltergeist, a strange animal or cryptid. Contemporary academics believe it was most likely a hoax.[32][33]
  • It is not unusual for goats to make noises that sound like syllables from human words. Some videos of this behavior have ended up becoming popular on YouTube. An example from Tennessee of a baby goat seeming to say "what what what?" got over seven million views.[34]

In fiction
Main article: Talking animals in fiction
gollark: Oh, never mind, there are existing kinematics formulae for this case.
gollark: oh bees this may require integration.
gollark: The results I saw from pressing it pretty fast manually were consistent with both it not moving you up much and what it actually was.
gollark: I pressed it very fast but that was bees.
gollark: Just made you go up, but not very high.

See also

References
  1. "Can any animals talk and use language like humans?". BBC. 16 February 2015.
  2. Hillix, William A.; Rumbaugh, Duane M. (2004), "Washoe, the First Signing Chimpanzee", Animal Bodies, Human Minds: Ape, Dolphin, and Parrot Language Skills, Springer US, pp. 69–85, doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4512-2_5, ISBN 978-1-4419-3400-0
  3. Hu, Jane C. (Aug 20, 2014). "What Do Talking Apes Really Tell Us?". Slate. Retrieved Jan 19, 2020.
  4. Terrace, Herbert S. (December 1982). "Why Koko Can't Talk". The Sciences. 22 (9): 8–10. doi:10.1002/j.2326-1951.1982.tb02120.x. ISSN 0036-861X.
  5. Price, Hannah (September 15, 2011). "Birds of a feather talk together". Australian Geographic. Archived from the original on September 23, 2011.
  6. Chandler, David (11 September 2007). "Farewell to a famous parrot". Nature. Retrieved Jan 19, 2020.
  7. Jordania, Joseph (2006). Who Asked the First Question? The Origins of Human Choral Singing, Intelligence, Language and Speech. Tbilisi: Logos. ISBN 978-99940-31-81-8.
  8. Kirby, Alex (26 January 2004). "Parrot's oratory stuns scientists". BBC News.
  9. F.X. Plooij (1978). "Some basic traits of language in wild chimpanzees?". In A. Lock (ed.). Action, Gesture and Symbol. New York: Academic Press.
  10. T. Nishida (1968). The social group of wild chimpanzees in the Mahali Mountains. Primates. pp. 167–224.
  11. D. Premack (1985). 'Gavagai!' or the future of the animal language controversy. Cognition. pp. 207–296.
  12. R.A. Gardner; B.T. Gardner (1969). Teaching Sign Language to a Chimpanzee. Science. pp. 664–672. PMID 5793972.
  13. R.A. Gardner; B.T. Gardner; T.E. Van Cantfort (1989). Teaching Sign Language to Chimpanzees. Albany: SUNY Press.
  14. H.S. Terrace (1979). Nim: A chimpanzee who learned Sign Language. New York: Knopf.
  15. E.S. Savage-Rumbaugh; D.M. Rumbaugh; K. McDonald (1985). Language learning in two species of apes. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. pp. 653–665. PMID 4080283.
  16. E.S. Savage-Rumbaugh; K. McDonald; R.A. Sevcik; W.D. Hopkins; E. Rupert (1986). Spontaneous symbol acquisition and communicative use by pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus). Journal of Experimental Psychology. 115. General. pp. 211–35. doi:10.1037//0096-3445.115.3.211. PMID 2428917.
  17. F.G. Patterson; E. Linden (1981). The education of Koko. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  18. H.L. Miles (1990). "The cognitive foundations for reference in a signing orangutan". In S.T. Parker; K.R. Gibson (eds.). "Language" and intelligence in monkeys and apes: Comparative Developmental Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. pp. 511–539.
  19. Francisco Lacerda: A ecological theory of language acquisition
  20. Adler, Tina (June 10, 2009). "Fact or Fiction: Dogs Can Talk". Scientific American. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
  21. "the talking pug". Retrieved 2008-12-11.
  22. Bondeson, Jan (15 March 2011). Amazing Dogs: A Cabinet of Canine Curiosities. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 9781445609645 – via Google Books.
  23. Bondeson, Jan (15 March 2011). Amazing Dogs: A Cabinet of Canine Curiosities. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 9781445609645 – via Google Books.
  24. "Willingly to school: How animals are taught". Taplinger Publishing Company. 2017-06-09.
  25. Oh Long Johnson... - talking cat. June 11, 2006.
  26. Saini, Angela. “The Orangutan Who Speaks like a Human.” BBC Earth, BBC Earth, 6 Apr. 2017, www.bbcearth.com/blog/?article=the-orangutan-who-speaks-like-a-human.
  27. "Conversing cows and eloquent elephants". fortunecity.com. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
  28. "Kosik, Talking Elephant, Attracts Researchers And Tourists In South Korea". Huffington Post. October 11, 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
  29. "The Story of One Whale Who Tried to Bridge the Linguistic Divide Between Animals and Humans". Smithsonian Magazine. June 2014.
  30. "Study: Male beluga whale mimics human speech". 23 October 2012. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014.
  31. "Hoover, the Talking Seal". Neaq.org. New England Aquarium. Archived from the original on 2012-02-14. Retrieved 2012-01-25.
  32. Josiffe, Christopher (January 2011). "Gef the Talking Mongoose". Fortean Times. Dennis Publishing. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
  33. Chris Berry; So-yŏng Kim; Lynn Spigel (January 2010). Electronic Elsewheres: Media, Technology, and the Experience of Social Space. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-0-8166-4736-1. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  34. Is This Goat Talking? | Yahoo News
    In August, Lyndsey Hyde of Tennessee posted a video to Vine featuring a goat that sounds like it is saying "What? What? What?" The 6-second clip went viral with more than 7 million views on the video-sharing app.
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