TWA Flight 260
TWA Flight 260 was the Trans World Airlines (TWA) designation for a flight from Albuquerque, New Mexico to Santa Fe, New Mexico. On February 19, 1955, the 40-passenger Martin 4-0-4 prop plane used by TWA for that route crashed into the Sandia Mountains. Its deviation from the normal flight path, initially believed to be the result of pilot error, was revised to "unknown" given that the contribution of other factors could not be definitively ruled out.
.jpg) A Martin 4-0-4 of Trans World Airlines. | |
| Accident | |
|---|---|
| Date | February 19, 1955 |
| Summary | Controlled flight into terrain |
| Site | Sandia Mountains, Bernalillo County, New Mexico, USA |
| Aircraft type | Martin 4-0-4 |
| Operator | Trans World Airlines |
| Registration | N40416 |
| Flight origin | Albuquerque International Airport, NM (ABQ/KABQ) |
| Destination | Santa Fe Municipal Airport, NM (SAF/KSAF) |
| Passengers | 13 |
| Crew | 3 |
| Fatalities | 16[1] |
| Injuries | 0 |
| Survivors | 0 |
History
On February 19, 1955 at 7:03 am, TWA flight 260 en route from Albuquerque, New Mexico to Santa Fe, New Mexico received an IFR clearance from the Albuquerque tower ("ATC clears TWA 260 for approach at the Santa Fe Airport via Victor 19 climb northbound on the back course of the ILS localizer"). There were no further communications after the aircraft took off at 7:05. It was last seen in a high-speed shallow climb toward the cloud-shrouded Sandia Crest at an estimated altitude of 3,000 feet above ground level.
At 7:13 the flight crashed into Sandia Mountain killing all 13 passengers and three crew members on board instantly. Due to the complex mountainous terrain, several members of the New Mexico Mountain Club, along with other volunteers, assisted the New Mexico State Police in the recovery efforts. This later led to the formation of the Albuquerque Mountain Rescue Council, a volunteer organization still active today.
Wreckage from the craft still remains, and can still be seen on brightly lit days by riders on the Sandia Peak Tramway, a popular tourist attraction active since 1966. The location is locally referred to as "TWA Canyon".
The initial Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) Accident Investigation Report was released on October 12, 1955.[2] Originally the cause was believed to be that the pilots were “intentionally flying the plane into the mountain”. This initial CAB "probable cause" adopted a widespread rumor: it implied a "suicide pact" between the two airline pilots.[3] An amended accident report (second version) was released by CAB on August 26, 1957, which deleted the word "intentional".[4]
After much effort by Captain Larry DeCelles, working cooperatively with the CAB's investigators to understand pilot reports about latent faults in a fluxgate compass appearing only after extended intervals with turn bank-angle, the CAB finally issued its third version of the report on June 15, 1960: the probable cause was changed to “deviation from the prescribed flight path for reasons unknown” given that malfunction of the fluxgate compass as a contributing factor could not be entirely ruled out.[5] Pilots had complained of that particular aircraft's radio-magnetic indicator (RMI) malfunctioning under certain operational circumstances, but maintenance personnel had been unable to duplicate the complaint on the ground and returned the aircraft to service.
After the fatal flight, the captain, Ivan Spong, and co-pilot, James Creason, were primarily blamed for navigational malfeasance by the CAB, resulting in many instances of Captain Spong's widow receiving "death-threat" phone calls, presumably from victims' surviving relatives or friends. On May 14 members of the New Mexico Mountain Club who had participated in the initial recovery effort returned to the site to recover and bury any human remains left at the site before the summer climbing season. They collected over 150 pounds of remains and also recovered a Fluxgate compass from the remains of the left wing tip where it had been left by the impact.[6] Because of a design wiring defect both the pilots and copilots RMI gauges were driven by the same Fluxgate compass which was the one recovered. As a result there was no opportunity for either pilot to be aware of the erroneous data displayed on their RMIs. While "in order to accept the theory offered, the Board must conclude that both crew members were completely oblivious to all these [countervailing] indications, that their attention was focused entirely on the RMI, and that they did not cross-check any other flight instruments", this evidence convinced the CAB to amend the accident report to include instrument error as a possible contributing factor.[7] The CAB's third version of their Accident Report discussed their willingness to work cooperatively with experts from the airline and the pilots' association toward revising its previous report.
The Board recognizes that the theory of the fluxgate compass error advanced by the Air Line Pilots Association can not be disproven. Such error may account for the initial directional error of the flight heading the aircraft toward the Sandia Mountains. However, it can not account for the continued flight long past time the crew should have noticed the error.[8]
References
- Accident description. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
- Serling, Robert J. The probable cause: the truth about air travel today. Doubleday, 1960. Reprint. New York, Ballantine Books, 3rd printing, June 1964; Chapter 6, "Accident at Albuquerque", pg 140.
- Serling 1964, p. 141, 147 (a reprint of the letter from Jean Spong, the Captain's widow).
- Serling 1964, p.145.
- Serling 1964, p. 164.
- The crash of TWA Flight 260, by Charles M. Williams, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 2010, ISBN 978-0-8263-4807-4, pg 67
- Civil Aeronautics Board. Supplemental Aircraft Accident Report. Adopted June 9, 1960, released June 15, 1960. Docket No. SA-303. File No. 1-0063. http://dotlibrary.specialcollection.net/Document?db=DOT-AIRPLANEACCIDENTS&query=%28select+609%29. Pages 1-2.
- "DOT Online Database". dotlibrary.specialcollection.net. Retrieved 10 January 2018.