Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi

Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (TNSM, English: Movement for the Enforcement of Islamic Law) is a Pakistani militant group whose objective is to enforce Sharia law in the country. The militant group took over much of Swat in 2007. It was founded by Sufi Muhammad in 1992, and was banned by President Pervez Musharraf on January 12, 2002.[2]

Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi
Movement for the Enforcement of Islamic Law
Leader(s)Sufi Muhammad (1992–2002)
Maulana Fazlullah (2002–2018)
Dates of operation1992–present
Active regionsPakistan
IdeologyDeobandi fundamentalism
Wahabism[1]
StatusActive. Designated as terrorist organisation by Pakistan.

The organization is active in the areas along the Pakistan-Afghanistan border,[3] especially Dir, Swat and Malakand[4] but including Dargai and Chenagai. It supports the Taliban forces in neighbouring Afghanistan.[5] It has been described as "one of the most dangerous religious militant groups in Pakistan."[3] The head of the organisation, Sufi Muhammad (1933-2019), was freed in 2008 after he renounced violence.[6][7]

Characteristics

TNSM militia members are "identified by their shoulder-length hair and camouflage vests over traditional shalwar kameez clothing", according to a 2007 Associated Press report.[8] Numerous non-native militants have been recruited to work with the group from elsewhere in North Waziristan, many of them originally from outside Pakistan, including Afghans and Arabs.[8]

Enforcement of Sharia

As part of what it sees as enforcement of Sharia law, the group has bombed girls schools and blown up video and CD shops.[8] Fazlullah has also used his FM broadcasts to urge schoolgirls to wear all-covering burqas and has forced the closure of some development organizations, accusing them of spreading immorality by employing female staff.[4]

History

Origins

The group was founded by Sufi Muhammad in 1992 after he left Jamaat-e-Islami, in which he was an active leader.[2][9]

1994 Malakand Division Revolt

Sufi Muhammad fomented an insurrection in Malakand Division (Dir, Swat, Bajaur, Chitral) on the basis of a demand for Sharia law. The uprising was quashed by the Pakistan military but not before TNSM had brought the Dir and Swat under its control. Timergara was besieged by government artillery and fighting was particularly intense in Swat.

It is alleged that while under TNSM control, drivers were forced to switch to driving on the right side of the road, which resulted in many accidents.

2001–2002

Sufi Muhammad was jailed in November for sending thousands of volunteers to Afghanistan to fight the U.S.-led invasion in 2001.[4][6] During his imprisonment, Muhammad's son-in-law Maulana Fazlullah, known as "Mullah Radio" for his pirate FM station broadcasts, led TNSM.[4]

President Pervez Musharraf banned the group on January 12, 2002.[2]

2005

After a brief decline, the group experienced a revival in the aftermath of the October 2005 earthquake. Radio broadcasts reinforced local beliefs that the earthquake was a punishment for sins, and local inhabitants of the region destroyed electronic equipment, such as televisions and computers, in response.[9]

2007

In July 2007, the group took over much of the Swat District and held on to it as late as November, when Pakistani forces ousted Maulana Fazlullah and his followers from a large base in the village of Imam Dheri.[10]

The stronghold, eight kilometres from the valley's main town of Mingora in Kabal Union Council of northwestern Swat, was guarded by about 200 rebel fighters.

An Associated Press reporter who visited the base in October 2007 described it as a concrete complex near the village. "Inside is a mosque and a maze of dozens of rooms, many still under construction. A shop sells audio cassettes of speeches by Fazlullah." Although the seminary hadn't opened for students, it was drawing thousands of worshippers for Friday prayers, residents told the Associated Press. Fazlullah's spokesman, Sirajuddin, then based at the seminary, is a gray-bearded militant who goes by only one name.[4]

About 250 militants died in two weeks of fighting in late November, during which the two-square-kilometer base was bombarded by artillery, according to Pakistani authorities. People in a number of towns destroyed the fortified bunkers the rebels, including Fazlullah and Sirajuddin, had left behind as the militants retreated into the mountains.[10]

Collaboration with the TTP

In the aftermath of the 2007 siege of Lal Masjid, Fazlullah's forces and Baitullah Mehsud's Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) formed an alliance. Fazlullah and his army reportedly received orders from Mehsud.[11]

Attacks on Buddhist sculptures

On October 8, 2007 members of the TNSM group used dynamite to obliterate the face of the 23 foot high colossal image of a seated Buddha carved in c. 7th century CE into a reddish rock face on a hillside to the southwest of the village of Jehanabad (Shakhorai) near Manglawar in Swat district. According to Aqleem Khan, an archaeology department official of North Western Frontier Province who spoke to Reuters, the members of this group drilled holes into the rock, filled them with dynamite, then set off the explosion on October 9, 2007 morning.[12]

2008

Sufi Muhammad was released after he renounced violence in discussion with the provincial government. Eight leaders of TNSM signed a peace agreement that recognized the provincial government's sovereignty, urged an end to violence and declared attacks against police, military and government targets "un-Islamic."[6]

2009

As of January 2009 Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi had established Shariah courts, that "openly administer punishment to people who dared to violate their strict code of conduct" in a region extending "from Matta sub-division in upper Swat valley to Kabal sub-division close the main Mingora town."[13]

Campaign against female education

A January 21, 2009 issue of the Pakistan daily newspaper The News, reported Taliban enforcement of a complete ban on female education in the Swat district. Some 400 private schools enrolling 40,000 girls were forced to close. At least 10 girls schools that tried to open after the January 15, 2009 deadline by the Fazlullah-led Taliban were destroyed by the militants in the town of Mingora, the headquarters of the Swat district.[14] Over the past 14 months[13] "more than 170 schools have been bombed or torched, along with other government-owned buildings."[15]

Maulvi Omar, a spokesman for the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), urged the Fazlullah-led Swati Taliban to rethink the ban on female education. Muslim Khan, a spokesman for the Swati Taliban responded that the TTP had not formally requested an overturn of the ban and that his group would continue as planned.[16] However, Khan announced in a phone call to the Gulf News on January 28, 2009 that his group would reconsider the ban on education for women in consultation with religious scholars once conflict had ended in the area. He stated, "We are not against education, but we insist that our new generation should be imparted with religious and then scientific and technology education. The Taliban need doctors, engineers and scientists to strengthen our cause."[17] This is also being noticed now that taliban have begun to target Pakistani scientists and engineers of the strategic organizations.[18]

Sharia Nizam-i-Adl Regulation 2009

The Pakistani government announced on February 16, 2009 that it would allow Sharia law in the Malakand region. In return, Fazlullah's followers agreed to observe a ceasefire negotiated by Sufi Muhammad.[6][7][19][20] On February 24, 2009 Muslim Khan publicly announced that the Swati Taliban would observe an indefinite ceasefire.[21]

Reactions to ceasefire
  • NATO feared that the agreement would only serve to allow militants to regroup and to create a safe haven for cross-border attacks into Afghanistan.[22]
  • Amnesty International expressed concern that the agreement would legitimize human rights abuses in the region.[19]
End of negotiations

In early April 2009 Sufi Muhammad ended support for peace negotiations stating that the government had stalled the implementation of sharia courts in the Swat valley. President Asif Ali Zardari refused to sign any agreement until peace had been restored in the valley but failed to elaborate on how those conditions would be achieved.[23] At the strong recommendation of the National Assembly President Zardari signed the agreement, the Sharia Nizam-i-Adl Regulation 2009, on April 13, 2009.[24] A spokesman for Sufi Muhammad, Amir Izzat Khan, stated that the law would allow for peace in the Swat region and that the Taliban was in the process of disarmament. Muslim Khan added that an "Islamic syllabus" would be instituted in schools and that women would not be allowed to go to jobs or to markets so as not to become "show-pieces."[25]

Destruction of headquarters

In June 2009, Pakistani security forces bombed and destroyed the Imam Dheri compound that served as Fazlullah's headquarters. The compound had contained residences, a mosque, court and prison.[26][27]

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References
  1. "Pakistan's militant Islamic groups". BBC. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  2. "Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi, Extremist Group of Pakistan". SATP. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
  3. Hassan Abbas (12 April 2006). "The Black-Turbaned Brigade: The Rise of TNSM in Pakistan". Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
  4. Khan, Riaz. "Inside rebel Pakistan cleric's domain", Associated Press report, as it appeared at USA Today Website, October 27, 2007, accessed November 7, 2007
  5. "DARGAI & CHENAGAI: WAITING TO HEAR ZAWAHIRI'S VERSION - INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM MONITOR: PAPER NO. 152". South Asia Analysis Group. Archived from the original on 2006-11-26. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
  6. "Top Pakistani militant released". BBC News. 2008-04-21. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
  7. Toosi, Nahal (2009-02-15). "Taliban to cease fire in Pakistan's Swat Valley". Yahoo News. Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
  8. Gannon, Kathy. "Militants gaining ground in Pakistan", Associated Press report at USA Today Web site, November 1, 2007, accessed November 7, 2007
  9. Nasir, Sohail Abdul (2006-05-17). "Religious Organization TNSM Re-Emerges in Pakistan". Terrorism Focus. 3 (19). The Jamestown Foundation.
  10. "Pakistan troops seize radical cleric's base: officials", Agence France Presse article, November 28, 2007, accessed same day
  11. Rehmat, Kamran (2009-01-27). "Swat: Pakistan's lost paradise". Islamabad: Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
  12. Rose, Mark (November 6, 2007). "Pakistan's Heritage at Risk". Archaeology. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
  13. Buneri, Shaheen (2009-01-25). "Militant Commander Summons 40 Politicians To Appear Before Taliban Court". Pamirpost.newsvine.com. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
  14. The News, Pakistan, January 21, 2009.
  15. The News, Pakistan, January 21, 2009
  16. Yusufzai, Rahimullah (2009-01-17). "Taliban and the people of Swat". The News. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  17. Rehman Khan, Fasihur (2009-01-28). "Taliban in Swat ready to reconsider women's education". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 2009-01-31. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  18. Taliban targeting Pakistani scientists Archived July 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  19. Ali, Zulfiqar; Laura King (2009-02-17). "Pakistan officials allow Sharia in volatile region". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
  20. "Pakistan agrees Sharia law deal". BBC News. 2009-02-16. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
  21. Perlez, Jane (2009-02-24). "Taliban Accepts Pakistan Cease-Fire". New York Times.
  22. "Pakistan Blasted for Creating Taliban Safe Haven With Islamic Law Deal". Fox News. 2009-02-17. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  23. "Sufi Mohammed calls off Swat peace deal". Dawn. 2009-04-09. Archived from the original on 2009-04-15. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
  24. Asghar, Raja (2009-04-14). "Sharia for Malakand as Zardari signs law". Dawn Media Group. Archived from the original on 2009-04-17. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
  25. "Fears over Swat sharia deal". Al Jazeera. 2009-04-14. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
  26. "Fazlullah's Imam Dheri Headquarter blown up". Islamabad: Online - International News Network. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
  27. "Fazlullah's headquarters blown up". The Hindu. 2009-06-10. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
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