Translationally-controlled tumor protein

Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TPT1 gene.[3][4][5] The TPT1 gene is mapped 13q12-q1413 in the Chromosome 13.[4] The human gene contains five introns and six exons, The TPT1-gene contains a promoter with a canonical TATA-box and several promoter elements, which are well-conserved in mammals.[6] The assay with reporter gene exhibits a strong promoter activity comparable to viral promoters.[7]

TPT1-AS1
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesTPT1-AS1, HRF, TCTP, p02, p23, tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1, TPT1-AS1, TPT1 antisense RNA 1
External IDsOMIM: 600763 MGI: 104890 HomoloGene: 55730 GeneCards: TPT1-AS1
RNA expression pattern




More reference expression data
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

100190939

22070

Ensembl

n/a

n/a

UniProt

P13693

P63028

RefSeq (mRNA)

n/a

NM_009429

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001273201
NP_001273202
NP_003286

NP_033455

Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed search[1][2]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

TCTP protein is also referred to as Q23,[8] P21,[9] P23,[10] histamine releasing factor (HRF),[11] and fortilin.[12] TCTP is a multifunctional and highly conserved protein that existed ubiquitously in different eukaryote species and distributed widely in various tissues and cell types.[13]

Human translationally controlled tumor protein (hTCTP) is a growth-related, calcium-binding protein.[14]

History

Translationally controlled tumor protein was first discovered in 1989 as a cDNA sequence obtained from a human mammary carcinoma cDNA library with proves derived from the translationally controlled, growth-related mouse tumor protein TCTP.[15] TCTP was originally described as a growth related protein of tumor cells. Its mRNA accumulates in translationally repressed postpolysomal mRNP-complexes.[16]

Research in 1997 shown that TCTP is not a tumor- or tissue-specific protein, but is expressed ubiquitously from plants to mammals.[17][18][19][20]

Characteristics

TCTP is a 20–25 kDa protein abundantly and ubiquitously expressed in the cell.[14] The protein is transcribed in more than 500 different tissues and cell types; hTCTP gene is one of the top 10 most ubiquitously expressed genes in humans by examining 1753 libraries from kinds of tissues,[21] but differed considerably in their quantity and ratio of expression. The expression is lower in kidney and renal cells.[17] This indicates an extensive transcriptional control and involvement of tissue-specific factors.[6]

The majority of publications established TCTP to be a cytoplasmic protein but nuclear localisation has also been reported, as well as extracellular activity; however, the process of secretion has not been found.[6]

Function

The abundance and ubiquity indicate that TCTP may have important primary functions. However, a large number of cellular and biochemical functions have been found since 1980s. Most of these functions can be classified into three groups.[14]

TCTP has properties of a tubulin binding protein that associates with microtubules in a cell cycle-dependent manner.[22][23]

The transient overexpression of TCTP in HeLa cells prevented them from undergoing etoposide-induced apoptosis.[12] Expressing TCTP in U2OS (human bone osteosarcoma epithelial cells) protected them from cell death induced by etoposide over various concentrations and durations of exposure.[12] TCTP overexpression inhibited caspase-3-like activity as assessed by the cleavage of fluorogenic substrate.[12]

Expression levels of TCTP were down-regulated at the mRNA and protein levels during tumor suppression and by the activation of p53 and Siah-1 very well known anti-tumor genes.[24][25] Down-regulation of TCTP can induce tumor reversion, and in combination with some drugs that decrease the level of TCTP and will lead to kill tumor cells.[26] TCTP knockdown in primary mammary tumor cells, results in increased p53 expression and a decreased number of stem-like cancer cells.[27]

Reducing TCTP (dTCTP) levels in Drosophila reduces cell size, cell number and organ size, which mimics Drosophila Rheb (dRheb) mutant phenotypes; human TCTP (hTCTP) shows similar biochemical properties compared to dTCTP.

TCTP caused histamine release from the human basophils of a subpopulation of donors, and this release was dependent on IgE.[11][28] The expression of TCTP is regulated at two distinct levels, depletion of the ER calcium causes an increase in TCTP mRNA abundance, increased cytosolic calcium concentrations regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level.[17][29][30]

Downregulation of the protein levels by siRNA in HTR-8/SVneo (Homo sapiens placenta cells) was associated with a reduced cellular calcium-uptake activity and buffering capacity.[6]

Translationally-controlled tumor protein has a role in tumor reversion and development.[31][32]

Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP/tpt1) is a regulator of the cancer stem cell compartment,[33] the tumor reversion,[34][35] tumor progression and certain forms of inflammatory diseases.[11] Moreover, TCTP was described as a pro-survival protein antagonizing BAX function.[36]

Structure

Sequence alignment of TCTP sequences from more than 30 different species reveals a high degree of conservation over a long period of evolution.[6]

The solution structure of TCTP from yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been determined by NMR spectroscopy which indicated that this protein is structurally similar to two small guanine nucleotide-free chaperones, namely Mss4 and Dss4.[37] TCTP and Mss4/Dss4 are now therefore structurally grouped into one protein superfamily.[6]

Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP) is involved in a wide range of molecular interactions with biological and nonbiological partners of various chemical compositions such as proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, or small molecules. TCTP is therefore an important and versatile binding platform. Many of these protein–protein interactions have been validated, albeit only few received an in-depth structural characterization. In TCTP/tpt1 - Remodeling Signaling from Stem Cell to Disease, focus is on the structural analysis of TCTP and the review of the available literature regarding its interaction network from a structural perspective. [38]

Interactions

TCTP has been shown to interact with:

gollark: So the server could disconnect you automatically, but the client couldn't.
gollark: I could have the server send pings, but I don't think the client Lua code can see them and if it's disconnected then the client Java code won't know it's meant to respond ~~with~~ to one.
gollark: Pings exist but I don't think they happen automatically and CC can't trigger them.
gollark: I'd probably also add pings for autoreconnect, UUIDs for messages, maaaaybe a paired fallback server, and set_channels instead of open and close.
gollark: (skynetv2 is the current one, v3 is hypothetical future skynet)

References
  1. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  2. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  3. Gross B, Gaestel M, Böhm H, Bielka H (October 1989). "cDNA sequence coding for a translationally controlled human tumor protein". Nucleic Acids Research. 17 (20): 8367. doi:10.1093/nar/17.20.8367. PMC 334973. PMID 2813067.
  4. MacDonald SM, Paznekas WA, Jabs EW (Jun 1999). "Chromosomal localization of tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 (TPT1) encoding the human histamine releasing factor (HRF) to 13q12-->q14". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 84 (1–2): 128–9. doi:10.1159/000015238. PMID 10343127.
  5. "Entrez Gene: TPT1 tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1".
  6. Bommer UA, Thiele BJ (March 2004). "The translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP)". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 36 (3): 379–85. doi:10.1016/S1357-2725(03)00213-9. PMID 14687915.
  7. Thiele H, Berger M, Lenzner C, Kühn H, Thiele BJ (October 1998). "Structure of the promoter and complete sequence of the gene coding for the rabbit translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) P23". European Journal of Biochemistry / FEBS. 257 (1): 62–8. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2570062.x. PMID 9799103.
  8. Thomas G, Thomas G, Luther H (September 1981). "Transcriptional and translational control of cytoplasmic proteins after serum stimulation of quiescent Swiss 3T3 cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 78 (9): 5712–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.9.5712. PMC 348838. PMID 6946510.
  9. Yenofsky R, Bergmann I, Brawerman G (October 1982). "Messenger RNA species partially in a repressed state in mouse sarcoma ascites cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 79 (19): 5876–80. doi:10.1073/pnas.79.19.5876. PMC 347013. PMID 6964392.
  10. Böhm H, Benndorf R, Gaestel M, Gross B, Nürnberg P, Kraft R, Otto A, Bielka H (August 1989). "The growth-related protein P23 of the Ehrlich ascites tumor: translational control, cloning and primary structure". Biochemistry International. 19 (2): 277–86. PMID 2479380.
  11. MacDonald SM, Rafnar T, Langdon J, Lichtenstein LM (August 1995). "Molecular identification of an IgE-dependent histamine-releasing factor". Science. 269 (5224): 688–90. doi:10.1126/science.7542803. PMID 7542803.
  12. Li F, Zhang D, Fujise K (December 2001). "Characterization of fortilin, a novel antiapoptotic protein". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (50): 47542–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M108954200. PMID 11598139.
  13. Ren C, Chen T, Jiang X, Wang Y, Hu C (December 2014). "The first characterization of gene structure and biological function for echinoderm translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP)". Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 41 (2): 137–46. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2014.08.030. PMID 25193395.
  14. Feng Y, Liu D, Yao H, Wang J (November 2007). "Solution structure and mapping of a very weak calcium-binding site of human translationally controlled tumor protein by NMR". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 467 (1): 48–57. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2007.08.021. PMID 17897616.
  15. Gross B, Gaestel M, Böhm H, Bielka H (October 1989). "cDNA sequence coding for a translationally controlled human tumor protein". Nucleic Acids Research. 17 (20): 8367. doi:10.1093/nar/17.20.8367. PMC 334973. PMID 2813067.
  16. Chitpatima ST, Makrides S, Bandyopadhyay R, Brawerman G (March 1988). "Nucleotide sequence of a major messenger RNA for a 21 kilodalton polypeptide that is under translational control in mouse tumor cells". Nucleic Acids Research. 16 (5): 2350. doi:10.1093/nar/16.5.2350. PMC 338237. PMID 3357792.
  17. Sanchez JC, Schaller D, Ravier F, Golaz O, Jaccoud S, Belet M, Wilkins MR, James R, Deshusses J, Hochstrasser D (January 1997). "Translationally controlled tumor protein: a protein identified in several nontumoral cells including erythrocytes". Electrophoresis. 18 (1): 150–5. doi:10.1002/elps.1150180127. PMID 9059837.
  18. Bhisutthibhan J, Pan XQ, Hossler PA, Walker DJ, Yowell CA, Carlton J, Dame JB, Meshnick SR (June 1998). "The Plasmodium falciparum translationally controlled tumor protein homolog and its reaction with the antimalarial drug artemisinin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (26): 16192–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.26.16192. PMID 9632675.
  19. Yan L, Fei K, Bridge D, Sarras MP (October 2000). "A cnidarian homologue of translationally controlled tumor protein (P23/TCTP)". Development Genes and Evolution. 210 (10): 507–11. doi:10.1007/s004270000088. PMID 11180799.
  20. Sage-Ono K, Ono M, Harada H, Kamada H (March 1998). "Dark-induced accumulation of mRNA for a homolog of translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) in Pharbitis". Plant & Cell Physiology. 39 (3): 357–60. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029377. PMID 9588028.
  21. Thompson HG, Harris JW, Wold BJ, Quake SR, Brody JP (October 2002). "Identification and confirmation of a module of coexpressed genes". Genome Research. 12 (10): 1517–22. doi:10.1101/gr.418402. PMC 187523. PMID 12368243.
  22. Gachet Y, Tournier S, Lee M, Lazaris-Karatzas A, Poulton T, Bommer UA (April 1999). "The growth-related, translationally controlled protein P23 has properties of a tubulin binding protein and associates transiently with microtubules during the cell cycle". Journal of Cell Science. 112 (8): 1257–71. PMID 10085260.
  23. Yarm FR (September 2002). "Plk phosphorylation regulates the microtubule-stabilizing protein TCTP". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 22 (17): 6209–21. doi:10.1128/MCB.22.17.6209-6221.2002. PMC 134017. PMID 12167714.
  24. Cans C, Passer BJ, Shalak V, Nancy-Portebois V, Crible V, Amzallag N, Allanic D, Tufino R, Argentini M, Moras D, Fiucci G, Goud B, Mirande M, Amson R, Telerman A (November 2003). "Translationally controlled tumor protein acts as a guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor on the translation elongation factor eEF1A". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (24): 13892–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.2335950100. PMC 283517. PMID 14623968.
  25. Rinnerthaler M, Jarolim S, Heeren G, Palle E, Perju S, Klinger H, Bogengruber E, Madeo F, Braun RJ, Breitenbach-Koller L, Breitenbach M, Laun P (2016-06-01). "MMI1 (YKL056c, TMA19), the yeast orthologue of the translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) has apoptotic functions and interacts with both microtubules and mitochondria". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 1757 (5–6): 631–8. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.05.022. PMID 16806052.
  26. Tuynder M, Fiucci G, Prieur S, Lespagnol A, Géant A, Beaucourt S, Duflaut D, Besse S, Susini L, Cavarelli J, Moras D, Amson R, Telerman A (October 2004). "Translationally controlled tumor protein is a target of tumor reversion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (43): 15364–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0406776101. PMC 523462. PMID 15489264.
  27. Amson R, Pece S, Lespagnol A, Vyas R, Mazzarol G, Tosoni D, Colaluca I, Viale G, Rodrigues-Ferreira S, Wynendaele J, Chaloin O, Hoebeke J, Marine JC, Di Fiore PP, Telerman A (January 2012). "Reciprocal repression between P53 and TCTP". Nature Medicine. 18 (1): 91–9. doi:10.1038/nm.2546. PMID 22157679.
  28. Bheekha-Escura R, MacGlashan DW, Langdon JM, MacDonald SM (September 2000). "Human recombinant histamine-releasing factor activates human eosinophils and the eosinophilic cell line, AML14-3D10". Blood. 96 (6): 2191–8. doi:10.1182/blood.V96.6.2191. PMID 10979965.
  29. Xu A, Bellamy AR, Taylor JA (September 1999). "Expression of translationally controlled tumour protein is regulated by calcium at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level". The Biochemical Journal. 342 (3): 683–9. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3420683. PMC 1220510. PMID 10477280.
  30. Haghighat NG, Ruben L (March 1992). "Purification of novel calcium binding proteins from Trypanosoma brucei: properties of 22-, 24- and 38-kilodalton proteins". Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 51 (1): 99–110. doi:10.1016/0166-6851(92)90205-x. PMID 1565142.
  31. Hsu YC, Chern JJ, Cai Y, Liu M, Choi KW (2007). "Drosophila TCTP is essential for growth and proliferation through regulation of dRheb GTPase". Nature. 445 (7129): 785–8. doi:10.1038/nature05528. PMID 17301792.
  32. Tuynder M, Susini L, Prieur S, Besse S, Fiucci G, Amson R, Telerman A (2002). "Biological models and genes of tumor reversion: cellular reprogramming through tpt1/TCTP and SIAH-1". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (23): 14976–81. doi:10.1073/pnas.222470799. PMC 137530. PMID 12399545.
  33. Amson R, Pece S, Lespagnol A, Vyas R, Mazzarol G, Tosoni D, Colaluca I, Viale G, Rodrigues-Ferreira S, Wynendaele J, Chaloin O, Hoebeke J, Marine JC, Di Fiore PP, Telerman A (December 2011). "Reciprocal repression between P53 and TCTP". Nature Medicine. 18 (1): 91–9. doi:10.1038/nm.2546. PMID 22157679.
  34. Tuynder M, Susini L, Prieur S, Besse S, Fiucci G, Amson R, Telerman A (November 2002). "Biological models and genes of tumor reversion: cellular reprogramming through tpt1/TCTP and SIAH-1". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (23): 14976–81. doi:10.1073/pnas.222470799. PMC 137530. PMID 12399545.
  35. Tuynder M, Fiucci G, Prieur S, Lespagnol A, Géant A, Beaucourt S, Duflaut D, Besse S, Susini L, Cavarelli J, Moras D, Amson R, Telerman A (October 2004). "Translationally controlled tumor protein is a target of tumor reversion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (43): 15364–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0406776101. PMC 523462. PMID 15489264.
  36. Susini L, Besse S, Duflaut D, Lespagnol A, Beekman C, Fiucci G, Atkinson AR, Busso D, Poussin P, Marine JC, Martinou JC, Cavarelli J, Moras D, Amson R, Telerman A (August 2008). "TCTP protects from apoptotic cell death by antagonizing bax function". Cell Death and Differentiation. 15 (8): 1211–20. doi:10.1038/cdd.2008.18. PMID 18274553.
  37. Thaw P, Baxter NJ, Hounslow AM, Price C, Waltho JP, Craven CJ (August 2001). "Structure of TCTP reveals unexpected relationship with guanine nucleotide-free chaperones". Nature Structural Biology. 8 (8): 701–4. doi:10.1038/90415. PMID 11473261.
  38. Telerman A, Amson R (2017). TCTP/tpt1 - Remodeling Signaling from Stem Cell to Disease. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation. vol 64. pp. 9–46. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67591-6_2. ISBN 978-3-319-67590-9. PMID 29149402.
  39. Liu H, Peng HW, Cheng YS, Yuan HS, Yang-Yen HF (April 2005). "Stabilization and enhancement of the antiapoptotic activity of mcl-1 by TCTP". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 25 (8): 3117–26. doi:10.1128/MCB.25.8.3117-3126.2005. PMC 1069602. PMID 15798198.
  40. Thébault S, Agez M, Chi X, Stojko J, Cura V, Telerman SB, Maillet L, Gautier F, Billas-Massobrio I, Birck C, Troffer-Charlier N, Karafin T, Honoré J, Senff-Ribeiro A, Montessuit S, Johnson CM, Juin P, Cianférani S, Martinou JC, Andrews DW, Amson R, Telerman A, Cavarelli J (January 2016). "TCTP contains a BH3-like domain, which instead of inhibiting, activates Bcl-xL". Scientific Reports. 6: 19725. doi:10.1038/srep19725. PMC 4728560. PMID 26813996.

Further reading
  • Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P13693 (Human Translationally-controlled tumor protein) at the PDBe-KB.
  • Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P63028 (Mouse Translationally-controlled tumor protein) at the PDBe-KB.
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