Sydney Monorail

The Sydney Monorail (originally TNT Harbourlink and later Metro Monorail) was a single-loop monorail in Sydney, Australia, that connected Darling Harbour, Chinatown and the Sydney central business and shopping districts. It opened in July 1988 and closed in June 2013.[1]

Sydney Monorail

The Sydney Monorail from Market Street, December 2012.
Overview
TypeStraddle-beam Monorail loop
StatusDismantled
LocaleSydney
Stations8
Operation
Opened21 July 1988
Closed30 June 2013
OwnerMetro Transport Sydney
Operator(s)Veolia Transport Sydney
Technical
Line length3.6 km (2.2 mi)

There were eight stations on the 3.6 km (2.237 mi) loop, with up to six trains operating simultaneously. It served major attractions and facilities such as the Powerhouse Museum, Sydney Aquarium and Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre. The system was operated by Veolia Transport Sydney, a former subsidiary of Veolia Transport and a subsidiary of Veolia Transdev at the time of cessation.

History

As part of the redevelopment of 50 ha (123.553 acres) of land at Darling Harbour, it was proposed to build a transport link to the Sydney central business district. Sydney City Council preferred a light rail line, however in November 1985 Transport Minister Laurie Brereton announced a monorail would be built.[2] Initially operated by TNT Harbourlink, the monorail opened on 21 July 1988 after a construction period of 26 months.[3][4] The first test services ran in October 1987 on a 500-metre section at Darling Harbour.[5] TNT Harbourlink was awarded a 50-year concession until 2038.[6]

The original operation hours were to be 06:00 to midnight, but after two years of operation patronage counts were half those expected, and planned stations at Market Street (to be named Casino, as part of the gaming venue planned to be built on the site) and Harbour Street (to be named Gardenside) were not built for some time.[3]

Metro Transport Sydney ownership
Main article: Metro Transport Sydney

After TNT was purchased by PTT in January 1997 and merged to form TNT Post Group in 1998, TNT decided to dispose of its businesses not centered on mail and logistics services, including the Sydney monorail.[7] On 10 August 1998, TNT sold the monorail to CGEA Transport Sydney, which was owned by CGEA Transport (later renamed Connex, then Veolia Transport) (51%) and Australian Infrastructure Fund (19%), Utilities Trust of Australia (19%) and Legal & General (11%).[8][9] The latter three also owned the Sydney Light Rail Company (SLRC), which owned the Metro Light Rail (now Sydney Light Rail) on a 30.5 year concession since 1997 by the Government of New South Wales. Connex (renamed from CGEA Transport in 1999) sold its share of the monorail in early 2001 to the SLRC, but remained as the operator of the monorail.[10] As a result, SLRC owned both the monorail and light rail and combined with CGEA Transport to form Metro Transport Sydney.

The monorail operator was renamed to Veolia Transport Sydney in 2005 as part of the global Veolia rebranding from Connex to Veolia Transport.[11] In 2011, Veolia Transport globally merged with the old Transdev to form Veolia Transdev, and Veolia Transport Sydney became a subsidiary of Veolia Transdev (now Transdev).

Government takeover & cessation

The Government of New South Wales bought both the monorail and the light rail service from Metro Transport Sydney on 23 March 2012 to enable it to extend the light rail system without having to negotiate with the private owners, and to remove the monorail from the area near Haymarket required for the expanded Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre. Veolia Transport Sydney continued to operate the light rail and monorail after the government takeover.

The monorail ceased operating on 30 June 2013 and all sections of track and some of the stations have been dismantled.[12][13] Around 70 million passenger journeys were made on the line during its lifetime.[14] Two carriages and 10 metres of track have been preserved at the Powerhouse Museum.[15][16] Two carriages are being used as meeting rooms at Google's Pyrmont offices.[17][18]

Technology
Rolling stock

The track was a steel box girder of 94 centimetres width, raised at a minimum height of 5.5 metres from ground level on steel columns 20 to 40 metres apart. The minimum curve radius was 20 metres and the maximum gradient 4.4% uphill and 6.5% downhill.

Power was supplied at 500 V AC to power the train, via a sheathed conductor below the running plate of the track. A control rail was also provided for train control, and a generator provided to clear trains from the track in emergencies. The train control and maintenance facility was located between Convention and Paddy's Market stations, where a traverser moved trains in and out of service.[3]

Each station stop took 40 seconds, including the time to decelerate, board passengers, and accelerate again. A complete circuit of the route took 12 minutes. It was originally intended for the system to operate automatically, but after a number of breakdowns soon after opening, it was decided to retain drivers, who occupied the first car of each train.[3]

Ticketing and concessions
Front and Back of the last two generation of payment cards

Payment for single journeys was made by tokens inserted into the turnstile. For multiple journeys, customers could purchase pre-paid cards. The first card type was based on magnetic stripe technology and called the METROCard. Shortly before the closure of the Monorail, a new contactless card was introduced called the smart.

Rolling stock

Delivered in 1987, six trains of seven carriages were built by Von Roll Holding to the Type III specification. Each seated 48 passengers, with the driver occupying the leading carriage. (They were designed to seat 56, using all seven carriages.) The first was displayed at the Trans Public Show in Geneva, Switzerland in May 1987.[19]

The monorail trains ran on rubber wheels, and each seven car train had six 37-kilowatt (50 hp) traction motors, permitting a normal operating speed of 33 km/h (21 mph). The doors of each car were automatic, and the floor level was self-adjusting via an automatic suspension system. Each train was 32.12 metres (105.4 ft) long, 2.06 metres (6 ft 9 in) wide, and 2.6 metres (8 ft 6 in) high.[3]

Set 1 was stored following a significant collision between it and Set 4 in early 2010. The last carriage in Set 1 was removed from the set, and used to replace the damaged last carriage in Set 4. When operations ceased in June 2013, sets 2 - 6 were operational.

Stations

The monorail operated in a single anticlockwise loop with stops at the following stations (in order):[20]

Name Image Notes
Harbourside Located adjacent to the Harbourside Shopping Centre at the western end of the Pyrmont Bridge
Convention Served the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre
Paddy's Markets Formerly named Powerhouse Museum, and originally Haymarket
Chinatown Located inside the One Dixon Street shopping centre, opened in 2001 as Garden Plaza it closed on 26 July 2004,[21] and then reopened as Chinatown station on 18 December 2006[22] By 2012 the station was unmanned and only open between 07:00 and 09:00 on weekdays only,[23] with the station entrance locked outside these hours[24]
World Square Temporary station in operation until 2005, when the station was rebuilt and incorporated into the new adjacent building
Galeries Victoria Originally named Park Plaza. The temporary entrance provided until 2000, when the station was incorporated into the new adjacent building
City Centre A temporary station existed until mid-1989, during construction of the City Centre Shopping Arcade, the temporary station was partially suspended above Pitt Street
Darling Park Originally planned to be named Casino, but Sydney's casino was eventually built in Pyrmont

Maintenance and control facilities
Traverser and Maintenance & Control Facilities with the Dulwich Hill Line passing underneath in July 2013

The six monorail units were maintained in a purpose-built facility in Pyrmont. A traverser allowed monorail cars to be removed from the main track for maintenance or stabling. Maintenance of track and stations was conducted at night with two special vehicles, named 'Buggy' and 'Mule'.

The facility also housed the control room (located above the maintenance area), as well as administration and staff amenities.

Criticism

The decision to build the monorail over other forms of rail such as light rail was in the eyes of many a political decision. Light rail would have been $20 million cheaper to build, serviced more passengers per hour and cost 40% less for a ticket, but the monorail system prevailed.[25]

Incidents

On Thursday 28 July 1988, an electrical fault caused the system to cease operating. Fifty passengers were stranded in carriages for two hours between 3:50 - 5:50 pm. TNT Harbourlink was criticised for failing to call emergency services until 5:40 - by the time the fire brigade arrived at the scene, the passengers were en route to disembarking at a station.[26]

In July 1992, monorail services were suspended due to a fire in a wool store building which caused a wall to collapse 'within metres' of TNT Harbourlink's central control room offices. [27]

On 27 February 2010, at approximately 16:00, two monorail trains collided at the Darling Park station resulting in hospitalisation of four people.[28][29]

On 24 September 2012, just before 14:00, an Ausgrid failure in a local underground cable led to a complete shutdown of the system resulting in the need for cherry-pickers to come to rescue approximately 100 stranded passengers, a process which took several hours. It was the first time since 2000 that Fire and Rescue NSW had to be called to help people from the line.[30]

Removal

Regarding the removal, Transport for New South Wales released a document called "Monorail Removal Project Interpretation Strategy" in July 2013. In Volume I part 3.5 "Decommissioning the monorail", three quotes from 'Government Buys Light Rail Company: Monorail To Be Pulled Down', the media release by Premier Barry O'Farrell on 23 March 2012 are provided.[31]

"This is good news for Sydney – it delivers certainty for business wanting to invest in the Darling Harbour precinct and allows the efficient development of the light rail network," Mr O'Farrell said.

"The monorail is not integrated with Sydney's wider public transport network and has never been truly embraced by the community. While it has been a controversial part of Sydney's history for more than 20 years, the monorail is reaching the end of its economic life and the NSW Government cannot justify costly upgrades like the purchase of new vehicles required to keep it running.

"This decision paves the way for the development of a world class Sydney International Convention, Exhibition and Entertainment Precinct as the NSW Government gets on with the job of making NSW number one again."

Track being dismantled at Paddy's Markets in September 2013

Deputy Mayor of Hobart, Alderman, Ron Christie unsuccessfully asked the NSW government to donate the monorail to Hobart to allow it to be used on a route from the CBD to the northern suburbs.[32][33] Google purchased two carriages for use as meeting rooms at its Pyrmont office.[34][35][36]

The monorail was demolished in 2013.[12] Sixty steel beams were recycled to build a temporary bridge to take Brookhollow Avenue over Norwest station during its construction between 2014 and 2017.[37][38] The temporary bridge allowed the station to be dug underneath Brookhollow Avenue, allowing the road to be closed for only a few months instead of three years as originally proposed. The bridge was dismantled in 2017 as the final station structure was being built.

In January 2015, 22 carriages were put up for sale on Gumtree Australia at $3,000 per carriage.[39] Many of these carriages were subsequently sold to an Australian expatriate now living in Taiwan. One was sold to a pair of radio hosts. Four, which comprise the only set of carriages preserved with all running gear that includes both a front and a rear carriage as well as middle carriages, other than the full train preserved by the Sydney Electric Train Society, were sold to a Sydney resident who plans to restore them to running condition.[40]

Preservation

Eleven carriages from three of the six monorail trains have been preserved and two carriages converted.[41]

Monorail Cars
No.PreservedOrganisationLocationStatusRef
Set 2Cars 1+3National Transport MuseumInverellfuture static display[42][43]
Set 3Cars 1+2Powerhouse MuseumUltimostored[16]
Set 3Cars 6+7GooglePyrmontoffice meeting room[44]
Set 4All CarsSydney Electric Train SocietySydneyfuture powered display[45]

The Monorail system was used for scenes in The Saint: Fear in Fun Park and Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie, where one train set had "Angel Grove" painted on it. It was also briefly featured in the 1996 Australian film Napoleon and the 1999 Australian film Two Hands.

The monorail is featured in the songs "Riding My Train" from the Muppets video Muppets on Wheels and Jaane Kyon from the 2001 Bollywood movie Dil Chahta Hai.

Clive James, in his 1991 Postcard from Sydney television special said, "Feted to break even the day hell freezes over, the monorail runs from the middle of downtown Sydney, to the middle of downtown Sydney, after circumnavigating the middle of downtown Sydney". [46]

gollark: Well, there's probably a lua library for it.
gollark: In any case, it doesn't actually matter outside of "I need to write hello world in blue 500 times in a millisecond" scenarios.
gollark: https://osmarks.ml/git/osmarks/terminal-speedtests - there is the source; it's in Rust, so just running `cargo bench` if you have the stuff installed will work.
gollark: Do what in a shellscript?
gollark: <@116952546664382473>

See also

References
  1. Last stop for Sydney Monorail Daily Telegraph 23 March 2012
  2. "Motorail wins Darling Harbour" Railway Gazette International December 1985 page 901
  3. Churchman, Geoffrey B (1995). Railway Electrification in Australia and New Zealand. IPL Books. ISBN 0-646-06893-8.
  4. Pedersen, Kim. "Sydney Monorail Photo Essay – page one of six". Retrieved 20 October 2008.
  5. "Monorail's First Tests" Railway Digest December 1987 page 389
  6. Sydney Light Rail Extension Stage 1 Inner West Extension Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine Transport NSW July 2010
  7. "TNT Annual Report 1998 - Non-core business". TNT. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  8. Stock Exchange Announcement Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Australian Infrastructure Fund 11 August 1998
  9. Non-core business TNT Annual Report 1998
  10. "Overview of Connex Worldwide and in Australia". Metro Light Rail. Archived from the original on 25 April 2003. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  11. "New South Wales". Veolia Transport Australia. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  12. "Monorail Removal Project Transport for NSW" Archived 13 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  13. Saleh, Lillian (22 June 2012). "Sydney monorail to make its final stop on 30 June next year". Daily Telegraph. Sydney, Australia. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  14. "Transport for NSW Annual Report 2012-13" (PDF). Transpor for NSW. p. 38. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  15. "Sydney's monorail hands $70,000 to sick children as parting gift to city" Daily Telegraph 8 July 2013
  16. "Farewell to Sydney’s Monorail" Powerhouse Museum 1 July 2013
  17. "Sydney Monorail becomes Google office space" Special Broadcasting Service 9 October 2013
  18. Paul Cowan's Google+ post Google
  19. "Metros" Railway Gazette International June 1987 page 357
  20. Network & Stations Sydney Monorail
  21. "Metro Monorail: Garden Plaza Station Closed". 23 July 2004. Archived from the original on 20 August 2004. Retrieved 1 July 2013.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  22. "Metro Monorail: New Monorail Station at Chinatown Means Even More for Sydney Visitors". 18 December 2006. Archived from the original on 20 August 2004. Retrieved 1 July 2013.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  23. "Wongm's Rail Gallery: Notice of the limited operating hours at Chinatown station". 23 July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  24. "Wongm's Rail Gallery: Monorail driver leaves the cab to lock up Chinatown station". 25 July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  25. Why Sydney Found Itself Looking Up At A Monorail Sydney Morning Herald 29 April 1988
  26. Mark Coultan and Bernard Lagan "Double blow for the monorail" Sydney Morning Herald 30 July 1988 page 1
  27. Shelli-Anne Couch "Monorail to be in service soon" Sydney Morning Herald 8 July 1992 page 11
  28. McClintock, Alex (28 February 2010). "Four hurt in Monorail collision". Sydney Morning Herald.
  29. Saulwick, Jacob (9 May 2011). "Monorail accident ruling". Sydney Morning Herald.
  30. Saulwick, Jacob (24 September 2012). "Monorail rescue as power cut". Sydney Morning Herald.
  31. "Monorail Heritage Interpretation" (PDF). Transport for NSW. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015.
  32. Hobart want our Monorail ABC News 28 March 2012
  33. "Hobart wants Sydney's monorail for free,but it won't be a gift". Sydney Morning Herald.
  34. Jon Wilson. "Google Sydney office monorail installation". YouTube.
  35. Saulwick, Jacob. "Google installs monorail carriages in its office". Sydney Morning Herald.
  36. https://plus.google.com/u/0/107519494119268402848/posts/Sfm9SpV4eCE
  37. "Monorail leftovers stop road nightmare" Daily Telegraph 12 May 2014 page 7
  38. "Norwest update – station taking shape as we bid farewell to the Sydney monorail". Sydney Metro. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  39. For sale on Gumtree: Sydney's monorail Sydney Morning Herald 4 February 2015
  40. Ten Sydney monorail carriages bought for $59,000 will be shipped to Taiwan for potential amusement park Sydney Morning Herald 10 February 2015
  41. Harbourlink. "Darling Harbour Monorail Preservation and future Museum". Harbourlink.
  42. Monorail coming to town Inverell Times 16 August 2013
  43. Museum snares second Monorail carriage Inverell Times 23 August 2013
  44. Saulwick, Paul. "Google installs monorail carriages in its office". Sydney Morning Herald.
  45. News Sydney Electric Train Society
  46. https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m000d29l/clive-james-2-postcard-from-sydney
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