Sultan Balkhi

Shah Sultan Balkhi (Bengali: শাহ সুলতান বলখী, Persian: شاه سلطان بلخی‎), also known by his sobriquet, Mahisawar (Bengali: মাহিসাওয়ার, Persian: ماهی سوار‎, romanized: Mâhi-Savâr, lit. 'Fish-rider'), was a 14th-century Muslim saint.[1] His name is associated with the spread of Islam in Sandwip and Bogra.

Shah

Sultan Balkhi

Mahisawar
The mazar of Mahisawar
Other namesBolkhi Mahisowar
Personal
Born
Balkh, modern-day Afghanistan
Died
Mahasthangarh, Pundravardhana (modern-day Bogura, Bangladesh)
Resting placeMausoleum of Sultan Balkhi, Shibganj, Bogra
ReligionIslam
Parents
  • Shah Ali Asghar Balkhi (father)
Other namesBolkhi Mahisowar
Muslim leader
Based inMahasthangarh, Pundravardhana
Period in office14th century

Early life

Balkhi was the son of Shah Ali Asghar, a ruler of Balkh in Afghanistan.[2] He was the crown prince but left this role to become a follower of the religious preacher, Shaykh Tawfiq of Damascus.[3]

Migration to Bengal

One day, the Shaykh ordered Balkhi to go to the land of Bengal and preach the religion of Islam there. It is said that Ibrahim ibn Adham, another religious figure from Balkh, accompanied him on this journey.[4] Balkhi then set off by boat, eventually reaching the island of Sandwip where he remained in for a number of years. His boat was a barge and shaped like a fish; leading to him earning the nickname of Mahi-sawar (fish-rider).[5] He then went to Hariramnagar, most likely another island, which was ruled by Balaram, a Hindu Raja who worshipped Kali. Balaram's minister decided to accept Islam which angered the Raja. A feud took place eventually leading to Balaram's death.

Balkhi then decided to leave Hariramnagar so he leaped on his boat, reaching the ancient city of Mahasthangarh, the capital of the Pundravardhana kingdom, ruled by Narsingh Parshuram of the Bhoj Garh dynasty.[4] Balkhi asked Parshuram for permission to live in his domain and freely practice his religion to which the King allowed. Balkhi preached to the native Buddhists and Chilhan, the army chief of Raja Parshuram, amongst many others accepted the message of Islam.[6] Parshuram, like Balaram, was also not happy with Balkhi's missionary activities and a war took place. Another officer of Parshuram, Harapal, betrayed the king and also became a Muslim.[7] This led to Balkhi eventually defeating Parshuram and conquering his fort in 1343.[1][6] Parshuram was the last Buddhist king of Mahasthangarh. After hearing the news of her father's death, the King's daughter, Princess Shiladevi drowned herself in the Karatoya River. The area around her drowning place is known as Shila Devi's Ghat.[8]

Legacy

It is unknown how and when Balkhi died. During the reign of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in 1685, the dargah of Balkhi was a rent-free land and sanads were issued to Syed Muhammad Tahir, Syed Abd ar-Rahman and Syed Muhammad Reza.[5] The Mughals paid great attention to the shrine and built a gate entry to Balkhi's mausoleum called Buri Ka Darwaza.[9] In 1719, during the reign of Emperor Farrukhsiyar, Khodadil built a large single-domed mosque near the shrine which remains in use today.[10]

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References
  1. Omar Khalid Rumi (4 January 2008). "A fort among hundred forts". New Age. Archived from the original on 8 January 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  2. Akhter, Fariduddin (2005). Tazkeratul Aulia. Dhaka: Meena Book House. pp. 252–253.
  3. Saklayen, Ghulam (2003). Bangladesher Sufi Sadhak. Dhaka: Islamic Foundation Bangladesh. p. 84.
  4. Sen, Provash Chandra. Bogurar Itihas (in Bengali).
  5. Abdul Karim (2012). "Shah Sultan Mahisawar (R)". In Islam, Sirajul; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  6. "Bogra".
  7. Mahastan by Dr. Nazimuddin Ahmed. p. 27
  8. Khan, Ayub (2012). "Shila Devir Ghat". In Islam, Sirajul; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  9. "Mausoleum of Shah Sultan Mahisawar Balkhi". Visit World Heritage.
  10. Khan, Muhammad Ayoub (2012). "Mahasthan Mosque". In Islam, Sirajul; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
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