Stillingia

Stillingia is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae, first described for modern science as a genus in 1767.[2] The genus is native to Latin America, the southern United States, and various islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.[1][3][4][5][6] Toothleaf is a common name for plants in this genus.[7]

Stillingia
Stillingia linearifolia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Subfamily: Euphorbioideae
Tribe: Hippomaneae
Subtribe: Hippomaninae
Genus: Stillingia
Garden ex L. 1767 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 2: 611, 637) not L. 1767 (Mant. Pl. 1:19)
Synonyms[1]

Gymnostillingia Müll.Arg.

Medical use

Stillingia sylvatica was used by Native Americans for syphilis and as a cathartic, diuretic, laxative, and emetic.[8] In large doses, it causes vomiting and diarrhea.

Taxonomy

Species include:[1]

  1. Stillingia acutifolia - Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras
  2. Stillingia aquatica - Georgia, Florida, Alabama, S Carolina
  3. Stillingia argutedentata - Minas Gerais
  4. Stillingia bicarpellaris - San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo, Coahuila
  5. Stillingia bodenbenderi - São Paulo, Córdoba
  6. Stillingia dichotoma - Bahia, Rio de Janeiro
  7. Stillingia diphtherina - S Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras
  8. Stillingia dusenii - Paraná
  9. Stillingia linearifolia - SW USA, N + S Baja California, Sonora, Guadalupe I
  10. Stillingia lineata - Réunion, Mauritius, Philippines, Maluku, Lesser Sunda Is, Fiji
  11. Stillingia oppositifolia - Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais
  12. Stillingia parvifolia - Peru
  13. Stillingia paucidentata - S California, SW Arizona
  14. Stillingia peruviana - Huancavelica
  15. Stillingia pietatis - Michoacán
  16. Stillingia querceticola - Nayarit
  17. Stillingia salpingadenia - Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina
  18. Stillingia sanguinolenta - C + S Mexico, Honduras
  19. Stillingia saxatilis - Bahia, Minas Gerais
  20. Stillingia scutellifera - Paraguay, Misiones
  21. Stillingia spinulosa - SW USA, Baja California, Sonora
  22. Stillingia sylvatica - SE + SC USA
  23. Stillingia tenella - Bolivia, Jujuy
  24. Stillingia terminalis - Madagascar
  25. Stillingia texana - Texas, Oklahoma, Coahuila
  26. Stillingia trapezoidea - Piauí
  27. Stillingia treculiana - Texas, Nuevo León, Coahuila
  28. Stillingia uleana - Bahia, Minas Gerais
  29. Stillingia zelayensis - C + S Mexico, Central America

Many species formerly in Stillingia have been moved to other genera, including Actinostemon, Adenopeltis, Anomostachys, Balakata, Bonania, Ditrysinia, Excoecaria, Grimmeodendron, Gymnanthes, Homalanthus, Maprounea, Microstachys, Neoshirakia, Sapium, Sclerocroton, Sebastiania, Shirakiopsis, Spegazziniophytum, Spirostachys, and Triadica.[1]

  1. S. africana - Spirostachys africana
  2. S. agallocha - Excoecaria agallocha
  3. S. appendiculata - Sebastiania appendiculata
  4. S. arborescens - Sebastiania granatensis
  5. S. asperococca - Microstachys chamaelea
  6. S. aucuparia - Sapium glandulosum
  7. S. baccata - Balakata baccata
  8. S. bahiensis - Sebastiania bahiensis
  9. S. bidentata - Microstachys bidentata
  10. S. biglandulosa - Sapium glandulosum
  11. S. bingyrica Baill. - Shirakiopsis indica
  12. S. brasiliensis - Sebastiania brasiliensis
  13. S. brevifolia - Sebastiania brevifolia
  14. S. campestris - Microstachys corniculata
  15. S. chamaelea - Microstachys chamaelea
  16. S. cochinchinensis - Triadica cochinchinensis
  17. S. commersoniana - Sebastiania klotzschiana
  18. S. concolor - Actinostemon concolor
  19. S. coriacea - Microstachys marginata
  20. S. corniculata - Microstachys corniculata
  21. S. cremostachys - Sebastiania klotzschiana
  22. S. crotonoides - Microstachys hispida
  23. S. cruenta - Sebastiania cruenta
  24. S. cubana - Bonania cubana
  25. S. daphniphylla - Sebastiania daphniphylla
  26. S. desertorum - Sebastiania brasiliensis
  27. S. discolor Champ. ex Benth. 1854 - Triadica cochinchinensis
  28. S. discolor (Spreng.) Baill. 1865 - Gymnanthes discolor
  29. S. diversifolia - Shirakiopsis indica
  30. S. dracunculoides - Sapium glandulosum
  31. S. eglandulosa - Grimmeodendron eglandulosum
  32. S. elliptica - Shirakiopsis elliptica
  33. S. frutescens - Ditrysinia fruticosa
  34. S. fruticosa - Ditrysinia fruticosa
  35. S. gaudichaudii - Gymnanthes gaudichaudii
  36. S. glabrata - Gymnanthes glabrata
  37. S. glandulosa - Adenopeltis serrata
  38. S. goudotiana - Excoecaria goudotiana
  39. S. guianensis - Maprounea guianensis
  40. S. guineensis - Excoecaria guineensis
  41. S. haematantha - Sapium glandulosum
  42. S. hastata - Microstachys ditassoides
  43. S. heterodoxa - Microstachys heterodoxa
  44. S. hilariana - Maprounea guianensis
  45. S. himalayensis - Excoecaria acerifolia
  46. S. hippomane - Sapium glandulosum
  47. S. hypoleuca - Gymnanthes hypoleuca
  48. S. indica - Shirakiopsis indica
  49. S. integerrima - Sclerocroton integerrimus
  50. S. jacobinensis - Sebastiania jacobinensis
  51. S. japonica - Neoshirakia japonica
  52. S. lanceolaria - Triadica cochinchinensis
  53. S. lastellei - Anomostachys lastellei
  54. S. laureola - Sebastiania laureola
  55. S. laurifolia - Sapium laurifolium
  56. S. laurocerasus - Sapium laurocerasum
  57. S. ligustrina - Ditrysinia fruticosa
  58. S. luschnathiana - Gymnanthes glabrata
  59. S. madagascariensis - Excoecaria madagascariensis
  60. S. marginata - Sapium glandulosum
  61. S. melanosticta - Sclerocroton melanostictus
  62. S. multiramea - Gymnanthes glabrata
  63. S. myrtilloides - Microstachys daphnoides
  64. S. nervosa - Gymnanthes nervosa
  65. S. nutans - Homalanthus nutans
  66. S. obovata - Sapium obovatum
  67. S. pachystachya - Sebastiania pachystachya
  68. S. paniculata - Balakata baccata
  69. S. patagonica - Spegazziniophytum patagonicum
  70. S. phyllanthiformis - Sebastiania schottiana
  71. S. populnea - Homalanthus populneus
  72. S. prostrata - Microstachys corniculata
  73. S. prunifolia - Sapium glandulosum
  74. S. pteroclada - Sebastiania pteroclada
  75. S. ramosissima - Sebastiania brasiliensis
  76. S. rigida - Sebastiania rigida
  77. S. salicifolia Klotzsch ex Baill. 1865 not (Torr.) Raf. 1832 nor Small 1903 - Sapium haematospermum
  78. S. schottiana - Sebastiania schottiana
  79. S. sebifera - Triadica sebifera
  80. S. sellowiana - Microstachys corniculata
  81. S. serrata - Sebastiania serrata
  82. S. serrulata - Microstachys serrulata
  83. S. sinensis - Triadica sebifera
  84. S. stipulacea - Microstachys stipulacea
  85. S. thouarsiana - Excoecaria thouarsiana
  86. S. trinervia - Sebastiania trinervia
  87. S. velutina - Microstachys corniculata
  88. S. virgata - Microstachys bidentata
  89. S. weddelliana - Sebastiania weddelliana
  90. S. widgrenii - Gymnanthes widgrenii
  91. S. ypanemensis - Sebastiania ypanemensis
gollark: I feel like having convoluted `match` statements in my code for every operation would be very ææææ - in minoteaur there are sometimes even multiple `?`s per line.
gollark: Replying to https://discord.com/channels/346530916832903169/348702212110680064/751900012023250964`if let` is pattern matching.
gollark: Basically, if you use `?` on a `Result<T, io::Error>` your function must return `Result<T, io::Error>` (or something with an error type can store `io::Error`s).
gollark: Replying to https://discord.com/channels/346530916832903169/348702212110680064/751899754778198038It needs to return `Result` with the error type being something which can store the errors you return with `?`.
gollark: Meanwhile in C you have "error codes" and actually have to pass in output things by reference for stupid reasons and basically have Go-but-worse error handling.

References
  1. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. Tropicos, Stillingia Garden ex L.
  3. Jepson Manual Treatment
  4. Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps
  5. Webster, G. L. & M.J. Huft. 1988. Revised synopsis of Panamanian Euphorbiaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75(3): 1087–1144
  6. Martínez Gordillo, M., J. J. Ramírez, R. C. Durán, E. J. Arriaga, R. García, A. Cervantes & R. M. Hernández. 2002. Los géneros de la familia Euphorbiaceae en México. Anales del Instituto de Biología de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Botánica 73(2): 155–281
  7. "Stillingia". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  8. Native American Ethnobotany
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