Stewart Indian School

The Stewart Indian School (1890–1980) was an Indian school southeast of Carson City, Nevada that is noted for the masonry work of colored native stone used by student apprentices to build the vernacular-style buildings. The school, part of the Native American boarding schools project, was the only off-reservation boarding school in Nevada. Funding for the school was obtained by Nevada's first senator, William M. Stewart,[2] and it was named in his honor when it opened on December 17, 1890. It has also been known as Stewart Institute, Carson Industrial School, and Carson Indian School.

Stewart Indian School
LocationS of Carson City off US 395, Carson City, Nevada
Area109 acres (44 ha)
Built17 December 1890
Built byDept. of Interior Constr. Div.
ArchitectFrederick Snyder
Architectural styleColonial Revival
Websitestewartindianschool.com
NRHP reference No.85002432[1]
Added to NRHP18 September 1985[1]

Native American children from Nevada and later throughout the West were forced to attend the Stewart Institute up to secondary school age. The initial intent of the school was to eliminate Indian language and culture from the children, to provide them with trade skills, and to make them fully American. Students during the early years were harshly disciplined and acted as unpaid labor to maintain the institution. The school struggled and some superintendents lasted less than a year. In 1919, Frederick Snyder was put in charge and he turned the floundering school into an architectural and horticultural showplace. The children were prohibited until about 1934 by assimilation policies from using their native language and culture.[2]

After the Indian Reorganization Act, Alida Cynthia Bowler became Director of Carson Indian School and Reservations. She defended the Indian's interests against the federal governments ongoing desire to usurp their ownership of land and supported retention of Indian culture among the students.

In 1980, the federal government cut funding for Indian boarding schools and closed the campus. During its 90 years, about 30,000 students are believed to have attended the school.

Trade skills and forced assimilation
American Indian students in front of the Stewart Indian School administration building in 1905.

Senator William Morris Stewart sponsored the national legislation that funded the school, the only off-reservation boarding school for American Indian children in Nevada. The school was ordered built by the state legislature and then sold to the federal government, the only federal Indian school built this way.

During the first 10 years, only children from the Nevada-based Washoe, Paiute, and Western Shoshone tribes attended the school. During the first two decades, the children could be punished for speaking their native language. Later on, children from over sixty tribal groups including Hopi, Apache, Pima, Mohave, Walapai, Ute, Pipage, Coropah and Tewa were forced to attend the school from three dozen reservations and 335 different hometowns across the West.[3][2]

Children on the grounds of Stewart Indian School in about 1935.

When the school opened, the campus included two dormitories, a barn, carpenter's shop, harness and tool house, root shed, laundry, wood and coal shed, storehouse, girls' and boys' baths and a three-story 10,000-gallon water tower. It began with 37 students and was staffed by three teachers. The school depended on the unpaid labor of the students to keep it open. They worked many hard hours washing clothes, cooking, farming, and other manual labor necessary to keep the school operating. During the school's third year of operation, the student rebelled against the harsh working conditions. The staff were forced to negotiate with the parents which resulted in the students receiving grades for their work and being able to keep a portion of any money earned from their labor.[3]:1 By the 1930s, between 400 and 500 students attended the school.[3]:5

Frederick Snyder was the twelfth school superintendent when he arrived, serving from 1919 to 1934. Several of his predecessors had lasted less than a year.[3]:12 The students spent half the day learning academics, including how to read and write English. The remainder of the day was focused on learning trade skills. Boys learned woodworking, ranching and farming, painting, mechanics, and carpentry. Girls were taught domestic skills in baking, cooking, sewing, laundry, and practical nursing. The children were required to assimilate into mainstream American culture.[4] The young Indians were instilled with a Christian work ethic. Baptisms were performed in a pool on the school grounds, and a Catholic church was built alongside the school.[3]:2 Assimilation policies prohibited the students from speaking their native languages and practicing native customs, which both students and their parents strongly objected to. They were required to cut their hair, wear uniforms, and march to classes.[4]

This continued until the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 was passed, which permitted native American self-determination and self-government. Snyder was succeeded by Alida Cynthia Bowler, who was appointed Director of Carson Indian School and Reservations. She embraced the reforms of the Indian Reorganization Act. She also served as Indian Agent for most of Nevada, and worked to empower tribal councils. In 1936, she organized the Wai-Pai-Shone Craftsman Cooperative, from which the natives could sell their work.[3]:2 After several years in her position, she wrote:[5]

The Indian in Nevada…is still discriminated against socially and exploited economically. He is primarily the under-paid agricultural season laborer upon whom the big cattle and sheep interests depend for cheap labor at certain seasons…He lives on a substandard level, and his smug white employer asserts that the Indian is perfectly content at the level and neither desires nor deserves a hand up.[5]

The Bureau of Indian Affairs encouraged schools such as Stewart to let students speak their native languages and to promote classes in native cultures.[2][6][7] Academics was emphasized beginning in the 1960s over vocational training.[4]

More than 30,000 children were educated at the school before it closed in 1980 due to federal budget cuts and earthquake safety.[2][6] While some students had fond memories of their time at school,[8][4] others recall being bathed in kerosene, having their heads shaved, and endured nightmares from the severe discipline they received.[7]

Masonry buildings
Stewart Indian School masonry building.

Snyder transformed the school into an architectural and horticultural showplace. He used colored native stone quarried from along the Carson River for campus buildings, and much of the masonry used in the vernacular-style buildings is the work of student apprentices.

The majority of the surviving buildings were built between 1922 and the beginning of World War II. The school eventually included over 63 buildings, a 10,000 gallon swimming pool and a platform for the Virginia & Truckee Railroad. The railroad stop was used to deliver supplies and transport students to and from the school. The Stewart Indian School Museum, located in superintendent Snyder's home, was built by Indian students in 1930.[2]

Modern use

Many of the original buildings still exist. The school was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The NRHP listing included 63 contributing buildings and one contributing structures.[1]

The Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California established the Stewart Indian Colony on the grounds of and adjacent to the former school. The State of Nevada uses some of the buildings for state sponsored classes, training centers and agency offices such as the Department of Corrections. A walking tour describes the former campus and relics of the school are on display at the Nevada State Museum, Carson City.[9] In 2017, Governor Brian Sandoval included $5.7 million in the state budget to renovate the school's Administration Office and Student Union for use as the Stewart Indian School Cultural Center and Welcome Center. The cultural center will describe the histories of the American Indian children that boarded at the school and the school itself. The school's former post office will become the Welcome Center.[10]

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See also

References
  1. "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form". National Park Service. 18 June 1985.
  2. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a work now in the public domain: "Stewart Indian School – Three Historic Nevada Cities: Carson City, Reno and Virginia City – A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  3. Thompson, Bonnie (December 2013). "The Student Body: A History of the Stewart Indian School, 1890–1940" (PDF). Arizona State University.
  4. Hollister, Joyce. "Stewart Indian School". Nevada Magazine. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
  5. Jordan, Angela (11 April 2014). "Alida Cynthia Bowler: Responsibility of Privilege". University of Illinois Archives. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
  6. Stewart Indian School History
  7. Bear, Charla (May 12, 2008). "American Indian Boarding Schools Haunt Many". National Public Radio. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  8. "Efforts underway to restore Stewart Indian School, a Carson City landmark with a bittersweet legacy". Las Vegas Review-Journal. 30 May 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  9. "Stewart Indian School Walking Tour". Stewart Indian School. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
  10. "Nevada Gov. Sandoval recognizes Stewart Indian School in State of the State address". First Nation Focus. September 7, 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2018.

Further reading

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