Spinus (genus)

Spinus
	American goldfinch (Spinus tristis)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Fringillidae
Subfamily:	Carduelinae
Genus:	Spinus; Koch, 1816
Species
	See text

Spinus is a genus of passerine birds in the finch family. It contains the North and South American siskins and goldfinches, as well as two Old World species. The genus name is from the Ancient Greek σπίνος spínos, a name for a now-unidentifiable bird.[1]

All of the species in the genus, except for the Tibetan serin, were formerly included in the genus Carduelis. They were moved to the resurrected genus Spinus based on phylogenetic studies of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences.[2][3][4] The Tibetan serin was formerly placed in the genus Serinus. The Eurasian siskin and the Tibetan serin are the only species from the Old World included in the group.[2]

The genus Spinus was introduced in 1816 by the German naturalist Carl Ludwig Koch with the Eurasian siskin (Spinus spinus) as the type species.[5][6]

Species

The genus contains 20 species:[2]

Common Name	Scientific name	Distribution
Tibetan serin	Spinus thibetanus	Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, and Nepal.
American goldfinch	Spinus tristis	mid-Alberta to North Carolina during the breeding season, and from just south of the Canada–United States border to Mexico during the winter
Lawrence's goldfinch	Spinus lawrencei	California and Baja California and winters in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico
Lesser goldfinch	Spinus psaltria	southwestern United States (near the coast, as far north as extreme southwestern Washington) to Venezuela and Peru
Eurasian siskin	Spinus spinus	Eurasia and the north of Africa
Antillean siskin	Spinus dominicensis	Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic)
Pine siskin	Spinus pinus	Canada, Alaska and, to a more variable degree, across the western mountains and northern parts of the United States
Black-capped siskin	Spinus atriceps	Guatemala and Mexico
Black-headed siskin	Spinus notata	Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua
Black-chinned siskin	Spinus barbata	Argentina, Chile and the Falkland Islands
Yellow-bellied siskin	Spinus xanthogastra	Costa Rica south to southern Ecuador, central Bolivia and the highlands of northwestern Venezuela
Olivaceous siskin	Spinus olivacea	northern Peru to La Paz and Cochabamba in Bolivia and to southeastern Ecuador, and has also been observed east of the Andes near Santa Cruz de la Sierra in Bolivia
Hooded siskin	Spinus magellanica	central Argentina north to central Brazil
Saffron siskin	Spinus siemiradzkii	Ecuador and Peru
Yellow-faced siskin	Spinus yarrellii	Brazil and Venezuela
Red siskin	Spinus cucullata	northern Colombia and northern Venezuela
Black siskin	Spinus atrata	Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru
Yellow-rumped siskin	Spinus uropygialis	Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru
Thick-billed siskin	Spinus crassirostris	Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru
Andean siskin	Spinus spinescens	Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela

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References

Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p. 362. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Finches, euphonias". World Bird List Version 5.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
Zuccon, Dario; Prŷs-Jones, Robert; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2012). "The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (2): 581–596. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002. PMID 22023825.
Nguembock, B.; Fjeldså, J.; Couloux, A.; Pasquet, E. (2009). "Molecular phylogeny of Carduelinae (Aves, Passeriformes, Fringillidae) proves polyphyletic origin of the genera Serinus and Carduelis and suggests redefined generic limits". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 51 (2): 169–181. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.10.022. PMID 19027082.
Koch, Carl Ludwig (1816). System der baierischen Zoologie, Volume 1 (in German). Nürnberg. p. 232.
Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1968). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 234.

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[job-1] Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p. 362. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[ioc-2] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Finches, euphonias". World Bird List Version 5.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 June 2015.

[3] Zuccon, Dario; Prŷs-Jones, Robert; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2012). "The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (2): 581–596. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002. PMID 22023825.

[4] Nguembock, B.; Fjeldså, J.; Couloux, A.; Pasquet, E. (2009). "Molecular phylogeny of Carduelinae (Aves, Passeriformes, Fringillidae) proves polyphyletic origin of the genera Serinus and Carduelis and suggests redefined generic limits". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 51 (2): 169–181. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.10.022. PMID 19027082.

[5] Koch, Carl Ludwig (1816). System der baierischen Zoologie, Volume 1 (in German). Nürnberg. p. 232.

[6] Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1968). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 234.