Sootoro

The Gozarto Protection Forces (Syriac: ܚܝܠܘ̈ܬܐ ܕܣܘܬܪܐ ܕܓܙܪܬܐ‎, Arabic: سوتورو‎, GPF) and Sootoro (Syriac: ܣܘܬܪܐ‎), united as one organisation, are a regional militia based in Qamishli, Al-Hasakah Governorate, Syria, composed of members of the local an ethnic Assyrian and some Armenian communities, founded after the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War that began in 2011. Sootoro claims to be affiliated with the Civil Peace Committee for Syriac Orthodox.[7] The Qamishli Sootoro is aligned with the Ba'athist government of Bashar Assad.[8]

Not to be confused with Sutoro.
Gozarto Protection Forces – Sootoro
ܣܘܬܪܐ – ܚܝܠܘ̈ܬܐ ܕܣܘܬܪܐ ܕܓܙܪܬܐ
Participant in the Syrian Civil War
The logos of the GPF (left) and Sootoro (right)
Active2012–Present
Allegiance Syrian government
LeadersSargon Ibrahim [1]
Size500+ (2015)[2]
c. 300-400 (2017 estimate)[3]
Allies Syria
  • National Defense Force

SSNP

Battles and war(s)
  • Al-Hasakah offensive (February–March 2015)
  • Wusta clashes
  • Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–17)[4][5]
  • Defence of Sadad (2015) [6]
  • Battle of Qamishli (April 2016)
WebsiteFacebook

History
See also: Sutoro

The Qamishli Sootoro should not be confused with the Sutoro police force which has the same name in the Syriac language, but uses the English translation "Syriac Protection Office" and the transliteration and a different emblem.[9] The Sutoro is associated with the Syriac Union Party and integrated in the administration of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria.

In February 2013, the Qamishli branch of the Sutoro began open operations in the Christian neighbourhood of Wusta, which is located near the city centre and has an Assyrian/Syriac majority with a significant Armenian minority. Though it was initially organised by the Syriac Union Party, the Qamishli militia was subsequently brought under the control of a so-called "peace committee" composed of several Christian organisations from the city.[9] The SUP soon lost virtually all influence on this group,[10] which became seen by many SUP members as being controlled by agents of the Syrian government.[9]

In late 2013, the split between this branch and the rest of the Sutoro became clear. Now transliterating its name as "Sootoro" (alternately referring to itself as the "Syriac Protection Office"), the militia in Qamishli adopted an entirely different logo and started openly asserting a separate identity. In November, the media office of the Qamishli Sootoro stated that it operated exclusively in the city of Qamishli and had not formed branches anywhere else, furthermore accusing militias outside the city of having appropriated their name. By December, the group was explicitly disavowing any connection to the SUP in their press releases. Though it continues to officially claim neutrality, the Qamishli Sootoro has become effectively a pro-government militia. Members of the group are frequently shown next to government flags and portraits of Bashar al-Assad in visual media, and flags bearing its distinct logo have been seen at pro-Assad rallies in the government-controlled sector of the city.[7]

Qamishli is one of the last places in northeast where government forces, having been pushed out of most of Hasakah Governorate by either rebel groups or the Kurdish-autonomist forces of the YPG, still maintain some presence. The Kurds control Kurdish populated districts of Qamishli, while Arab and Assyrian loyalist forces remain in majority-Arab and Assyrian districts in the south respectively, the city centre, the border crossing to Turkey, Qamishli Airport, and an army base on the southern outskirts. The assertion of loyalist control over the Qamishli militia has been identified as a potential effort by the government to strengthen its position in the city by expanding and solidifying its shrunken territorial holdings.[9]

Bibliography
  • Rashid, Bedir Mulla (2018) [1st pub. 2017]. Military and Security Structures of the Autonomous Administration in Syria. Translated by Obaida Hitto. Istanbul: Omran for Strategic Studies. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
gollark: I fear that some sort of computer troubleshooting class may just end up teaching people to blindly try one specific thing they learned instead of... actually problem-solving. Which would admittedly be better than now.
gollark: People just see an error of some sort, and immediately their brain shuts down, even if it specifies what to do about it.
gollark: A useful skill people seem to lack is any ability whatsoever to solve basic problems with computers, but that's hard to teach.
gollark: You can argue about physics being useful and english literature not or whatever, but it's outweighted by how much anyone involved actually cares.
gollark: Generally, things the students in question actually want to learn, instead of whatever random junk they don't.

See also

References
  1. Sargon Ibrahim ledaren för Sootoro om situationen i Qamishli "Sargon Ibrahim the leader of Sootoro on the situation in Qamishli"
  2. "Pro-regime militias in Syria". Yahoo News. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  3. Rashid (2018), p. 36.
  4. "Sectarian militias brought by the regime to fight in Deir al-Zour". El-Dorar Al-Shamia. 15 May 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
  5. Leith Fadel (15 May 2017). "Pro-government Assyrian forces arrive in Deir Ezzor for offensive". al-Masdar News. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
  6. https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/christian-forces-fight-back-against-isis-in-east-homs-several-hilltops-captured-near-maheen/ On Wednesday morning, the National Defense Forces (NDF) of Sadad, the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP), and the Gozarto Protection Forces (GPF) launched a counter-offensive from the Maheen-Sadad checkpoint to reclaim several hilltops from the terrorist group (ISIS).
  7. al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad (23 February 2014). "Christian Militia and Political Dynamics in Syria". Syria Comment. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  8. Al Tamimi, Aymenn J (24 March 2014). "Assad regime lacks the total support of Syria's Christians". The National. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  9. Carl Drott (18 November 2013). "Qamishli's Cold War". Le Monde Diplomatique. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  10. Szlanko, Balint (20 February 2014). "Instead of fleeing, some of Syria's Christians will stand their ground". The National. Retrieved 25 February 2014.

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