Sol Hachuel

Sol Hachuel (Hebrew: סוליקא חגואל; Arabic : زليخة حتشويل, spelt "Solica Hatchouel" on her tombstone, see photo, Tangier 1817–1834, Fez) was a Jewish heroine who was publicly decapitated when she was 17 years old. She was executed in 1834[1] for alleged apostasy from Islam—apparently without ever having converted to Islam.[2] According to The Jewish Encyclopedia Hachuel "was a martyr to her faith, preferring death to becoming the bride of the sultan."[1] She is considered a tzadeket (saint) by some Jews[3] and is also revered by some Muslims. Jews call her Sol HaTzaddikah ("the righteous Sol"), while Arabs call her Lalla Suleika ("holy lady Suleika").[4]

"Execution of a Moroccan Jewess (Sol Hachuel)" a painting by Alfred Dehodencq

Hachuel's sacrifice served as an inspiration to painters and writers. One of the most detailed accounts, based on interviews with eyewitnesses, was written by Eugenio Maria Romero. His book El Martirio de la Jóven Hachuel, ó, La Heroina Hebrea (The Martyrdom of the Young Hachuel, or, The Hebrew Heroine[5]) was first published in 1837 and republished in 1838. Hachuel's story was also the subject of a song by Françoise Atlan on the CD Romances Sefardies.[5]

In 1860 the French artist Alfred Dehodencq, inspired by the life and death of Hachuel, painted "Execution of a Moroccan Jewess".[6]

Life

Hachuel was born in 1817 in Morocco, to Chaim and Simcha Hachuel, and had one older brother. Her father was a merchant and Talmudist. He conducted a study group in his home, which helped Sol form and maintain her own belief in Judaism. Sol's mother was a housewife.[7]

Allegations of conversion to Islam

According to the account of Israel Joseph Benjamin, a Jewish explorer who visited Morocco in the middle of the 19th century, "never had the sun of Africa shone on more perfect beauty" than Hachuel. Benjamin wrote that her Muslim neighbors said that "It is a sin that such a pearl should be in the possession of the Jews, and it would be a crime to leave them such a jewel."[8]

According to Eugenio Maria Romero's account, Tahra de Mesoodi, a devout Muslim girl and Hachuel's friend and neighbor, falsely claimed she converted Hachuel to Islam; obtaining a convert is considered a particularly pious deed according to the Maliki madhhab.

Arrest and execution

Based on a single and probably false claim of her conversion to Islam, Hachuel was brought to the court and told to kneel before the governor. If she promised to convert, she was promised protection from her parents, silk and gold, and marriage to a handsome young man. If she did not convert, the pasha threatened her as follows:

I will load you with chains...I will have you torn (apart) piece-meal by wild beasts, you shall not see the light of day, you shall perish of hunger, and experience the rigor of my vengeance and indignation, in having provoked the anger of the Prophet.[7]

The girl responded:

I will patiently bear the weight of your chains; I will give my limbs to be torn (apart) piece-meal by wild beasts; I will renounce forever the light of day: I will perish of hunger: and when all the evils of life are accumulated on me by your orders, I will smile at your indignation and the anger of your Prophet: since neither he nor you have been able to overcome a weak female! It is clear that Heaven is not auspicious to making proselytes to your faith.[7]

True to his promise, the pasha imprisoned Sol in a windowless and lightless cell with chains around her neck, hands, and feet. Her parents appealed to the Spanish vice-consul, Don José Rico, for help. He did what he could to free the girl, but his efforts were unsuccessful.[9]

Inscriptions on the headstone of Sol Hachuel in Morocco

The pasha sent Hachuel to Fez, where the sultan would decide her fate. The fee for her transfer (and eventual execution) was to be paid by her father, who was threatened with 500 blows of the bastinado if he did not comply. Eventually, Don José Rico paid the required sum because Sol's father could not afford it.

In Fez, the Sultan appointed the Qadi to decide Sol's punishment. The Qadi summoned the Jewish sages of Fez and told them that unless Sol converted, she would be beheaded and the community punished. Although the hakhamim urged her to convert to save herself and their community, she refused. She was convicted and sentenced to death, and the Qadi ruled that her father would bear the cost of her burial.[10] The sultan's son, astonished by Sol's beauty, also tried to convince her to convert to Islam. She refused.[8]

Sol was beheaded in a public square in Fez.[11] Romero described the emotions of the citizens of Fez on the day of the execution: "The Moors, whose religious fanaticism is indescribable, prepared, with their accustomed joy, to witness the horrid scene. The Jews of the city...were moved with the deepest sorrow, but they could do nothing to avert it[.]"

Apparently the sultan instructed the executioner to wound Sol first, hoping that the sight of her own blood would frighten her into accepting conversion. But Sol remained steadfast.

The Jewish community of Fez was awestruck by Hachuel's heroism. They had to pay for the retrieval of her corpse, her head and the bloodstained earth for a Jewish burial at the Jewish cemetery. She was declared a martyr.[9][10]

The Jews called Hachuel "Sol ha-Tzaddikah" (The righteous Sol), and the Arabs called her Lalla Suleika (the holy lady Suleika). Her grave became a place of pilgrimage for both Jews and Muslims alike.[12][13][1] While it might seem strange that Moroccan Muslims consider the girl to be their saint, Léon Godard explains the custom in his Description et histoire du Maroc:

Despite their intolerance, Moroccans, however contradictory this may appear, do in some cases honour the holy people of other religions, or beg the aid of their prayers from those whom they call infidels. In Fez, they render a kind of worship to the memory of the young Sol Hachuel, a Jew of Tangier, who died in our time of terrible torture rather than renounce the Law of Moses, or alternatively renew an abjuration previously made, by yielding to the seductions of love."[14]

Her headstone has inscriptions in both Hebrew and French. The French text reads, "Here rests Mademoiselle Solica Hachuel born in Tangier in 1817 refusing to enter into [or 're-enter'; the French text reads rentrer] the Islamic religion. The Arabs murdered her in 1834 in Fez, while she was torn away from her family. The entire world mourns this saintly child."[12]

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References
  1. Schloessinger 1901-1906, V. 5 p. 381
  2. Noy, Ben-Amos & Frankel 2006, p. 92-3.
  3. Vance 2011.
  4. http://hatchuel-hatchwell.net/solika/solikas-full-story/
  5. Romero 1838.
  6. Sigal-Klagsbald 2012, p. 66-7.
  7. Romero 1838, p. 18.
  8. Benjamin 1863, p. 274-5.
  9. Dickens, Ainsworth & Smith 1852, p. 89-140.
  10. Gilbert 2010.
  11. Azoulay 2009.
  12. Noy, Ben-Amos & Frankel 2006, p. 87.
  13. Gitlitz & Davidson 2006, p. 134-5.
  14. Godard 1860.

Works cited
  • Azoulay, Yehuda (2009). "Suleika" (PDF). Sephardic Legacy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Benjamin, Israel Joseph (1863). Eight Years in Asia and Africa, from 1846 to 1855. Israel Joseph Benjamin.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Dickens, Charles; Ainsworth, William Harrison; Smith, Albert (1852). Bentley's Miscellany. Richard Bentley.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Gilbert, Martin (2010). In Ishmael's House: A History of Jews in Muslim Lands. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-1-55199-342-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Gitlitz, David Martin; Davidson, Linda Kay (2006). Pilgrimage and the Jews. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-275-98763-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Godard, Léon Nicolas (1860). Description et histoire du Maroc. Tanera.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Noy, Dov; Ben-Amos, Dan; Frankel, Ellen (2006). Folktales of the Jews, Volume 1: Tales from the Sephardic Dispersion. Jewish Publication Society. ISBN 978-0-8276-0829-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Romero, Eugenio María (1838). El Martirio de la jóven Hachuel, ó, La heroina hebrea. Impr. á cargo de Diego Negrete.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Schloessinger, Max (1901–1906). "Fez". In Singer, Isadore (ed.). The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Volume V. New York; London: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 380–381.
  • Sigal-Klagsbald, Laurence (2012). Les Juifs dans l'orientalisme. Skira Flammarion. ISBN 978-2-08-127712-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Vance, Sharon (2011). The Martyrdom of a Moroccan Jewish Saint. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-20700-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

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