Smaug (genus)
Smaug is a genus of lizards in the family Cordylidae. The genus Smaug is a group of species of spiny southern African lizards, separated from the genus Cordylus in 2011 on the basis of a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the Cordylidae. The type species is the giant girdled lizard, S. giganteus (formerly Cordylus giganteus).[1]
| Smaug | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Giant girdled lizard (Smaug giganteus) | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Cordylidae |
| Genus: | Smaug Stanley et al., 2011[1] |
| Diversity | |
| 9 species (see text) | |
Etymology
The genus Smaug was named for the character Smaug, in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit:[2]
Smaug is the name of the dragon encountered by Bilbo Baggins, the protagonist of J.R.R. Tolkien's book The Hobbit. According to Tolkien the name is derived from the Old German verb smeugen – to squeeze through a hole. Like the type species, Smaug lived underground and was heavily armored. Appropriately Tolkien was born in the Free State province, South Africa, the core area of distribution of the type species. The name is masculine.[1]
Zonurus, the former genus name, is from Greek zōnē 'girdle' + oura 'tail'.[3]
The specific name breyeri is in honor of Dutch botanist Hermann Gottfried Breyer.[4]
Description
Smaug are large lizards (extremely large among the Cordylidae), measuring up to 112–205 mm (4.4–8.1 in) in snout–vent length (SVL). The body is sub-cylindrical in cross-section and robust. Limbs are moderate in length and digits are unreduced. Dorsal and caudal scales are enlarged and spinose. Occipital spines are greatly enlarged. Nasal scales are not in contact with one another. The frontonasal scale is in broad contact with the rostral scale. The tongue is partly or fully pigmented. Osteoderms are distributed across the entire body.[1]
Reproduction
Smaug are viviparous and give birth to 1–6 young.[1]
Species
- Smaug barbertonensis (Van Dam, 1921) – Barberton girdled lizard
- Smaug breyeri (Van Dam, 1921) – Waterberg girdled lizard
- Smaug depressus (V. FitzSimons, 1930) – Zoutpansberg girdled lizard
- Smaug giganteus (A. Smith, 1844) – giant girdled lizard (type species)
- Smaug mossambicus (V. FitzSimons, 1958) – Mozambique girdled lizard
- Smaug regius (Broadley, 1962) – regal girdled lizard
- Smaug swazicus Bates & Stanley, 2020 – Swazi dragon lizard
- Smaug vandami (V. FitzSimons, 1930) – Van Dam's girdled lizard
- Smaug warreni (Boulenger, 1908) – Warren's girdled lizard
Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Smaug.
References
- Stanley, Edward L.; Bauer, Aaron M.; Jackman, Todd R.; Branch, William R.; Mouton, P. Le Fras N. (2011). "Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 58 (1): 53–70. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.08.024. PMID 20816817. (Smaug, new genus, p. 64).
- "Protect and Prosper". American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
- "zonure - Definition of zonure in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries - English.
- Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Cordylus warreni breyeri [= Smaug breyeri ], p. 38).
- Smaug at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 3 March 2015.
- Stanley, E.L.; Bates, M.F. (2014). "Here be dragons: A phylogenetic and biogeographical study of the Smaug warreni species complex (Squamata: Cordylidae) in southern Africa". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 172 (4): 892–909. doi:10.1111/zoj.12187.