Skull and crossbones (military)

Variations on the skull and crossbones have been used by several military forces. The largest is on the "Jolly Roger" flags used by submarines.

Usage
Main articles: Jolly Roger and Use of the Jolly Roger by submarines

The Jolly Roger is the name given to any of various flags flown to identify a ship's crew as pirates. Since the decline of piracy, various military units have used the Jolly Roger, usually in skull-and-crossbones design, as a unit identification insignia or a victory flag to ascribe to themselves the proverbial ferocity and toughness of pirates.

6 February 1942 Members of the crew of HMS Utmost with their "Jolly Roger" success flag, photographed alongside submarine depot ship HMS FORTH in Holy Loch, on their return from a year's service in the Mediterranean

Admiral Sir Arthur Wilson VC, the Controller of the Royal Navy, summed up the opinion of the many in the Admiralty at the time when in 1901 he said submarines were "underhand, unfair, and damned un-English. ... treat all submarines as pirates in wartime ... and hang all crews."[1][2] In response, Lieutenant Commander (later Admiral Sir) Max Horton first flew the Jolly Roger on return to port after sinking the German cruiser SMS Hela and the destroyer SMS S-116 in 1914 while in command of the E class submarine HMS E9.[3][4]

In World War II it became common practice for the submarines of the Royal Navy to fly the Jolly Roger on completion of a successful combat mission where some action had taken place, but as an indicator of bravado and stealth rather than of lawlessness. The Jolly Roger is now the emblem of the Royal Navy Submarine Service.

A US Navy F/A-18F Super Hornet aircraft assigned to the "Jolly Rogers" of Strike Fighter Squadron 103 (VFA-103), prepares to launch from the flight deck of the Nimitz-class Aircraft Carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower, 2006.

Three distinct U.S. Naval Aviation squadrons have used the name and insignia of the Jolly Roger: VF-61 (originally VF-17), VF-84, and VFA-103. While these are distinctly different squadrons that have no lineal linkage, they all share the same Jolly Roger name, the skull and crossbones insignia and traditions.[5] The first incarnation of the Jolly Rogers was established on 1 January 1943 at NAS Norfolk, as VF-17, flying the F4U Corsair. Inspired by the piratical theme of the aircraft's name, VF-17's commanding officer Tommy Blackburn selected the Jolly Roger as the squadron's insignia.[6] The current squadron to hold the name is the VFA-103, Strike Fighter Squadron 103 (the Jolly Rogers), the skull and crossbones on all-black tails makes them easily identifiable.

United States Marine Corps reconnaissance battalions also use a skull and crossbones on their emblems.[7][8]

Land warfare
The Chetnik Detachments of the Yugoslav Army flag, the inscription reads: "For king and fatherland; freedom or death"

Hussars, lancers[9] and dragoons[10] became established types of military units, with their typical uniform patterns (and weapons and tactics) maintained in many armies.[11] In Chile, during the independence battles, a paramilitary guerrilla group against the royal Spanish army composed mainly by bandits and civilians, called Los húsares de la muerte (The Death Hussars) wore a Skull with two crossed femurs on the neck of their jackets.[12]

In the Estonian War of Independence the skull and crossbones were symbols of Kuperjanov's Partisan Battalion. The badge is still used in the Estonian Army by the Kuperjanov Battalion, for example 2007 in Iraq.[13]

Though not employing a black uniform, the skull and crossbones has been used by a succession of lancer regiments in the British Army. The Queen's Royal Lancers continue to use the skull and crossbones in their emblem, inherited from its use by the 17th Light Dragoons - a unit raised in 1759 following General Wolfe's death at Quebec, with an emblem of a death's head and the words 'Or Glory' in commemoration of him.[14] The cap badge was later used by the 17th/21st Lancers and its present-day successor, the Queen's Royal Lancers who are still nicknamed the 'Death or Glory Boys'.[15]

In 1792, a regiment of Hussards de la Mort (Death Hussars) was formed during the French Revolution by the French National Assembly and were organized and named by Kellerman. The group of 200 volunteers were from wealthy families and their horses were supplied from the King's Stables. They were formed to defend against various other European states in the wake of the revolution. They participated in the Battle of Valmy and its members also participated in the Battle of Fleurus (1794). They had the following mottos: Vaincre ou mourir, La liberté ou la mort and Vivre libre ou mourir - Victory or death; Freedom or death; and Live free or die.[16][17][18]

The 2nd Lancers Regiment of the Portuguese Army also use the skull and crossbones as symbol and "Death or Glory" as motto, as the regiment was raised by a former colonel of the British 17th Lancers.[19]

During the Russian Civil War, the troops of the White Kornilov Division wore patches emblazoned with a skull and crossbones above a pair of crossed swords.[20]

When Hitler gained power, there were still uniforms that were black and with a rather large (≈10 cm) skull and crossbones on a black cap, but the pattern was adapted for the Nazi SS service, with a "peaked cap" and a tiny skull and crossbones for the cap (≈2.5 cm). And in World War II, Nazi SS troops made use of the "Totenkopf" (German word for "dead man's head") as an insignia for another part of the uniform as well (in particular, the 3rd SS Division, which was a part of the larger Waffen SS), and also by the similarly named World War II-era Luftwaffe's 54th Bomber Wing (Kampfgeschwader 54).

In the former Yugoslavia, and especially Serbia, the skull and crossbones was a prominent symbol used by the Serbian royalist and nationalist paramilitaries known as the Chetniks during the Second World War and the Yugoslav Wars.[21]The Chetnik Detachments of the Yugoslav Army, commonly known as the Chetniks (Serbo-Croatian: Četnici, Четници, pronounced [tʃɛ̂tniːtsi]; Slovene: Četniki), was a World War II movement in Yugoslavia led by Draža Mihailović.

Aerial warfare
Charles Nungesser with his Nieuport 17 fighter

Fighter aircraft of both the Allied Powers and the Central Powers occasionally made use of the a Skull and crossbones emblem in World War I, either by itself or as part of a more complex insignia, more often by individual pilots, and in rare instances, by entire aviation units.[22] The most memorable of these usages could be considered to be on the series of French fighter aircraft flown by French 43-victory flying ace Charles Nungesser, as all of his aircraft, both during and following World War I featured his personal "black heart" insignia on the sides of the aircraft's fuselage, centered on a Skull and crossbones emblem, accompanied with a coffin directly above the skull, and flanked with single candlesticks to either side of the emblem, all within the black heart-shaped field.[23] He earned the nickname "Hussard de la mort" ("Horseman of Death") when as a cavalry man in the first days of the war, he captured a Mors (a luxury car) carrying four German Staff officers with operation plans

  • 101 Squadron (Israel) Israeli Air Force
  • Kuperjanov Battalion
  • Iron Division
  • Field Marshal August von Mackensen with Deaths Head Hussars insignia
  • 17th Brunswick Hussar Regiment, Prussia.
  • Officer's of Alexandrya Hussars Regiment Emblem
  • Polish Storm Detachment during Silesian Risings
  • The "death's head" was the sign of Polish Death Hussar Divisions from 1920 (Polish–Soviet War)
  • Queen's Royal Lancers
  • Braunschweiger Totenkopf
  • The Weimar Republic's Kampfwagen-Erinnerungsabzeichen
  • Kampfgeschwader 54
  • The traditional "Danziger" Totenkopf worn by the SS 1923-34
  • 3rd SS Division
  • SS Death's Head Patch
  • Kornilov Shock Regiment insignia
  • 4th Commando Brigade, Biafra.
  • Special Police Operations Battalion, Brazil.
  • No. 428 Squadron, Canada.
  • 4th Light Detachment, Finland.
  • 14F Squadron, France.
  • 2/2 Fighter Squadron, France.
  • Charlie Company, 36th Commando Battalion, Iraq.
  • The Duce's Musketeers, Italy.
  • General Llanera personal flag, Philippines.
  • Special Forces, Philippines.
  • 2nd Lancers Regiment, Portugal.
  • Kornilov Assault Regiment, Russia.
  • 3rd Infantry Division, South Korea.
  • 8th Lusitania Cavalry Regiment, Spain.
  • Republican Guard, Syria.
  • Military Assistance Command Vietnam - Studies and Observation Group, United States.
  • 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment, United States.
  • 1st Fighter Squadron, United States.
  • 4th Fighter Squadron, United States.
  • 6th Night Fighter Squadron, United States.
  • 13th Bomb Squadron, USAF – inherited from 13th Aero Squadron.
  • 15th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, United States.
  • 16th Special Operations Squadron, United States.
  • 24th Intelligence Squadron, United States.
  • 31st Test and Evaluation Squadron, United States.
  • 71st Fighter Squadron, United States.
  • 85th Fighter Squadron, United States.
  • 85th Bombardment Squadron, United States.
  • 89th Flying Training Squadron, United States.
  • 90th Tactical Fighter Squadron, United States.
  • 92nd Tactical Fighter Squadron, United States.
  • 95th Fighter Squadron, United States.
  • 128th Bomb Squadron, United States.
  • 132nd Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, United States.
  • 164th Airlift Squadron, United States.
  • 190th Fighter Squadron, United States.
  • 310th Fighter Squadron, United States.
  • 319th Bombardment Squadron, United States.
  • 320th Bombardment Squadron, United States.
  • 321st Bombardment Squadron, United States.
  • 328th Fighter Squadron, United States.
  • 348th Night Fighter Squadron, United States.
  • 351st Fighter Squadron, United States.
  • 359th Fighter Squadron, United States.
  • 363rd Fighter Squadron, United States.
  • 365th Bombardment Squadron, United States.
  • 366th Bombardment Squadron, United States.
  • 367th Bombardment Squadron, United States.
  • 375th Bombardment Squadron, United States.
  • 392nd Fighter Squadron, United States.
  • 399th Bombardment Squadron, United States.
  • 400th Bombardment Squadron, United States.
  • 400th Missile Squadron, United States.
  • 402nd Fighter Squadron, United States.
  • 416th Bombardment Squadron, United States.
  • 416th Night Fighter Squadron, United States
  • 423rd Bombardment Squadron, United States.
  • 428th Bombardment Squadron, United States.
  • 428th Fighter Squadron, United States.
  • 447th Bombardment Squadron, United States.
  • 490th Bombardment Squadron, United States.
  • 493rd Fighter Squadron, United States.
  • 508th Fighter Squadron, United States.
  • 509th Tactical Fighter Squadron, United States.
  • 512th Rescue Squadron, United States.
  • 522nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron, United States.
  • 527th Bombardment Squadron, United States.
  • 533rd Training Squadron, United States.
  • 552nd Bombardment Squadron, United States.
  • 561st Fighter-Day Squadron, United States.
  • 587th Bombardment Squadron, United States.
  • 640th Bombardment Squadron, United States.
  • 716th Bombardment Squadron, United States.
  • 745th Special Operations Squadron, United States.
  • 816th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron, United States.
  • 828th Bombardment Squadron, United States.
  • 2872nd Test Squadron, United States.
  • 5th Bomb Wing, United States.
  • 90th Bomb Group, United States.
  • 400th Bombardment Group, United States.
  • VMAQ-1, United States.
  • VMAQ-2, United States.
  • VMU-2, United States..
  • VFA-2, United States.
  • VFAW-3, United States.
  • VMO-4, United States
  • VA-12, United States.
  • VF-20, United States.
  • VFA-34, United States.
  • VF-61, United States.
  • VA-93, United States.
  • VA-94, United States.
  • VF-101, United States.
  • VFA-103, United States.
  • VF-142, United States.
  • VFA-151, United States.
  • VF-171, United States.
  • VA-133, United States.
  • VA-155, United States.
  • VA-175, United States.
  • VA-304, United States.
  • VP-26, United States.
  • VQ-11, United States.
  • VS-32, United States.
  • VT-11, United States.
  • 1st Battalion, 9th Marines, United States.
  • 2nd Battalion, 9th Marines, United States.
  • Marine Raider, United States.
  • MCSOCOM, United States.
  • United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions, United States.
  • 1st Reconnaissance Battalion, United States.
  • 2nd Reconnaissance Battalion, United States.
  • 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion, United States.
  • 4th Reconnaissance Battalion, United States.
  • 5th Reconnaissance Battalion, United States.
  • Marine Amphibious Reconnaissance, United States.
  • 1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, United States.
  • 2nd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, United States.
  • D Company, 2nd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, United States.
  • 3rd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, United States.
  • VMF-113, United States.
  • VMF(AW)-114, United States.
  • VMA-124, United States.
  • HMM-164, United States.
  • VMF-225, United States.
  • VMSB-233, United States.
  • VMSB-244, United States.
  • MWSS-274
  • HMLA-369, United States.
  • VMF-471, United States.
  • VMF-514, United States.
  • VMF-524, United States.
  • VMFA-531, United States.
  • VMTB-621, United States.
  • MALS-40, United States.
gollark: So either you have possibly the best hair on the planet now, or it was really bad before.
gollark: It's very possible.
gollark: > bees will be deployed against C usersyes, that is what I said.
gollark: Well, it's... loosely speaking, about esolangs, but I don't think we interact with their members much.
gollark: It does, however, lack nice stuff like lifetimes.

See also

References
  1. "underhand, unfair, and damned un-English."(Stephen Wentworth Roskill (1968). Naval Policy Between the Wars, Walker, ISBN 0-87021-848-4 p. 231. cites A. J. Marder, Fear God and Dread Nought, vol. I (Oxford UP, 1961), p. 333 and also Williams Jameson, The Most Formidable Thing (Hart-Davis, 1965) pp. 75-76.)
  2. "underhand, ... and damned Un-English. ... treat all submarines as pirates in wartime ... and hang all crews." (J. R. Hill (1989). Arms Control at Sea, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-01280-5. p. 35 cites Marder, From the Dreadnoughts to Scapa Flow p. 332).
  3. Staff, The Jolly Roger on a webpage of the National Museum of the Royal Navy Archived 1 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  4. HMS Triumph and HMS Superb.
  5. http://www.history.navy.mil/download/va-lin.pdf
  6. Blackburn, Tom. The Jolly Rogers: The Story of Tom Blackburn and Navy Fighting Squadron VF-17. Crown, 1988. ISBN 0-517-57075-0, p. 41.
  7. Cook, Leon (April 2018). "Australian Army Chief Orders Ban on So-Called 'Death Symbols'". military.com.
  8. Gooch, Kent (February 2012). "GUEST VOICE: KENT GOOCH, RETIRED USMC SCOUT SNIPER INSTRUCTOR – On the white supremacist, neo-Nazi roots of SS sig runes in the U.S. Marine Corps". Military Religious Freedom Foundation. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012.
  9. "WEARING THE SKULL AND CROSSBONES WITH PRIDE". The British Army.
  10. Thomas, Nigel (2012). The German Army in World War I (1): 1914–15. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781780965512.
  11. Colburn's United Service Magazine and Naval and Military Journal, Volumen 32. National Library of the Netherlands. 1867. p. 321.
  12. Hølscher, Joost (2013). Death's Head - Volumen 1 de The History of Uniform. Editions Chamerelle. p. 33. ISBN 9789082032604.
  13. overview (in Estonian)
  14. http://www.qrl.uk.com/h_home.html Archived 26 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  15. Joost Hølscher (Author, Illustrator): Death's Head, The History of the Military Skull & Crossbones Badge (The History of Uniform). 1st edition: Éditions Chamerelle 2013, ISBN 978-90-820326-0-4.
  16. Historique du 14e Chasseurs. Service Historique de la Défense.
  17. La Cavalerie pendant la Révolution. Desbrières et Sautai. 1907.
  18. Les Hussards français, Tome 1, De l'Ancien régime à l'Empire édition Histoire et collection.
  19. Joost Hølscher (Author, Illustrator): Death's Head, The History of the Military Skull & Crossbones Badge (The History of Uniform). 1st edition: Éditions Chamerelle 2013, ISBN 978-90-820326-0-4.
  20. Joost Hølscher (Author, Illustrator): Death's Head, The History of the Military Skull & Crossbones Badge (The History of Uniform). 1st edition: Éditions Chamerelle 2013, ISBN 978-90-820326-0-4.
  21. Mikuš, Marek (2018). Frontiers of Civil Society: Government and Hegemony in Serbia. Berghahn Books. p. 120. ISBN 9781785338915.
  22. Read, Fergus (January 2018). "BRITISH FIRST WORLD WAR SERVICE MEDALS". Imperial War Museums.
  23. Smithsonian NASM's online article "Knight of Death” Airplane Insignia", focusing on Nungesser
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