Short-circuit test

The purpose of a short-circuit test is to determine the series branch parameters of the equivalent circuit of a transformer.

Circuit diagram for short-circuit test

Method

The test is conducted on the high-voltage (HV) side of the transformer where the low-voltage (LV) side or the secondary is short circuited. A wattmeter is connected to the primary. An ammeter is connected in series with the primary winding. A voltmeter is optional since the applied voltage is the same as the voltmeter reading. The LV side of the transformer is short circuited. Now with the help of variac applied voltage is slowly increased until the ammeter gives reading equal to the rated current of the HV side. After reaching at rated current of HV side, all three instruments reading (Voltmeter, Ammeter and Watt-meter readings) are recorded. The ammeter reading gives the primary equivalent of full load current IL. As the voltage applied for full load current in short circuit test on transformer is quite small compared to the rated primary voltage of the transformer, the iron losses in transformer can be taken as negligible here.

Calculations

$W$ is the full-load copper loss

$V_{1}$ is the applied voltage

$I_{1}$ is the rated current

$R_{01}$ is the resistance as viewed from the primary

${Z_{01}}$ is the total impedance as viewed from the primary

${X_{01}}$ is the reactance as viewed from the primary

${W}={{I_{1}}^{2}}{R_{01}}$

${R_{01}}={\frac {W}{{I_{1}}^{2}}}$

${Z_{01}}={\frac {V_{1}}{I_{1}}}$

${X_{01}}={\sqrt {{Z_{01}}^{2}-{R_{01}}^{2}}}$

Fault withstand

A short-circuit test for determination of transformer impedance and losses is carried out with relatively low power applied to the transformer, and with winding currents of the same magnitude as in operation. A different form of short-circuit testing is done to assess the mechanical strength of the transformer windings, and their ability to withstand the high forces produced if an energized transformer experiences a short-circuit fault. Currents during such events can be several times the normal rated current. The resultant forces can distort the windings or break internal connections. For large utility-scale power transformers, high-power test laboratories such as the one operated by Powertech Labs near Vancouver, Canada, KEMA at Arnhem, Holland, and CESI Italy have facilities to apply the very high power levels representative of a fault on an interconnected grid system.

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Transformer topics
Topics	Balun Buchholz relay Bushing Center tap Circle diagram Condition monitoring of transformers Electrical insulation paper Growler High-leg delta Induction regulator Leakage inductance Magnet wire Metadyne Open-circuit test Polarity Quadrature booster Resolver Resonant inductive coupling Severity factor Short-circuit test Stacking factor Synchro Tap changer Toroidal inductors and transformers Transformer oil Dissolved gas analysis Transformer oil testing Transformer utilization factor Vector group
Types	Amorphous metal transformer Austin transformer Autotransformer Buck–boost transformer Capacitor voltage transformer Distribution transformer Delta-wye transformer Energy efficient transformer Flyback transformer Grounding transformer Instrument transformer Current transformer Potential transformer Isolation transformer Linear variable differential transformer Pad-mounted transformer Parametric transformer Planar transformers Rotary transformer Rotary variable differential transformer Scott-T transformer Solid-state transformer Trigger transformer Variable-frequency transformer Zigzag transformer
Coils	Hybrid coil Induction coil Oudin coil Polyphase coil Repeating coil Tesla coil Trembler coil
Manufacturers	ABB Group Prolec GE Siemens TBEA

Short-circuit test

Method

Calculations

Fault withstand

See also