Shantisagar

Acharya Shri Shantisagar (1872–1955) was an Indian monk of the Digambara school of the Jain faith. He was the first Acharya (preceptor) and a leader of his sect in the 20th century. Shantisagar revived the teaching and practice of traditional Digambara practices in North India. He was lustrated as a kshullaka into the Sangha (holy order) by Devappa (Devakirti) Swami. He took his ailaka (religious vows) before an image of the Tirthankara Neminatha. In about 1920, Shantisagar became a full muni (monk) of the Digambara sect of Jainism. In 1922, at Yarnal village, Belgaum district, Karnataka, he was given the name "Shanti Sagara" ("Ocean of Peace").

This article is about a Jain monk. For lake with the same name, see Shanti Sagara.

Charitra Chakravartin Acharya Shri Shantisagar Ji Maharaj
Acharya Shantisagar
Personal
Born	Satgauda 23 July 1872 Bhoj, Belgaum district Karnataka
Died	18 September 1955(1955-09-18) (aged 82–83) (Samadhi-maran)
Cremation place	Kunthalgiri, Maharashtra
Religion	Jainism
Parents	Bhimagauda Patil (father) Satyavati (mother)
Sect	Digambara
Religious career
Successor	Virasagar
Initiated	Virasagar, Nemisagar
Initiation	1919 Yarnal by Devendrakirti
Initiation	1915

Early life

Shantisagar was born in 1872[1] near Bhoj village, Belgavi district Karnataka, India.[2] His father either worked as a farmer[3] or was employed in the clothing business.[4] At age eighteen, having read religious texts and undergone several pilgrimages,[2] Shantisagar decided to dedicate his life to a religious order.

Shantisagar's parents died in 1912. He then traveled to the Jain holy place, Shravanabelagola, a town in Hassan district, Karnataka, India. In 1918, whilst in Shravanabelagola, Shantisagar was lustrated as a kshullaka into the Sangha (holy order) by Devappa (Devakirti) Swami.[4] He took his ailaka (religious vows) before an image of the Tirthankara Neminatha. In about 1920, Shantisagar became a full muni (monk) of the Digambara sect of Jainism.[3] In 1922, at Yarnal village, Belgaum district, Karnataka, he was given the name "Shanti Sagara" ("Ocean of Peace").[2][4]

He preached the principles of Jainism in various parts of India and became an Acharya.[2] His disciples also called him "Charitra Chakravarti" ("Emperor of good character").[4] He has also been called "muniraj" ("King among Ascetics"), and "silasindhi" ("Ocean of Observances").[3]

He began a hunger strike to oppose restrictions imposed on Digambara monks by the British Raj.[3]

His Vihara throughout India

Acharyas of the Shantisagar parampara, Virasagar, Shivsagar, Dharmsagar, Ajitsagar, Vardhmansagar, Posters at Paporaji

He was the first full Digambar monk and Acharya to wander throughout India. The wandering of a Jain monk is termed "Vihara" an old sramanic term.[5] Padmanabh Jaini writes:

Shantisagara has owned nothing, not even a loincloth, since 1920. He has wandered on foot over the length and breadth of India, receiving food offerings but once a day, and then with only his bare hands for a bowl; he has spoken little during daylight hours and not at all after sunset.[6]

— Padmanabh S. Jaini

Acharya Shantisagar took last breath on 18 September 1955 at 6:50 am at Kunthalgiri, Osmanabad district, Maharashtra, India.[4][7]

Based on the accounts given by Sumeruchandra Diwakar[8] and Dharmachanda Shastri,[9] Shantisagar was born in 1872 to Bhimagauda Patil and Satyavati at Bhoj Village in Belgavi dist., Karnataka, India.[2] His birth name was Satgauda. He was married at the age of nine. His wife died six months after the marriage. In 1905, he made a pilgrimage to Sammed Shikharji accompanied by his sister.[8]

In 1925, Shantisagar was present in Kumbhoj township. He attended the Mahamastakabhisheka (grand consecration) at Shravanbelgola, Karnataka. In 1926, he visited Nanded city, Maharashtra. In 1927, he visited Bahubali, Maharashtra and then Nagpur which was then the capital of the Central provinces. Shantisagar then travelled in east India. He had a Panchakalyanaka blessing at Sammed Shikhar, Bihar, a Jain pilgrimage site. He also travelled to Champapur and Pavapur.

In 1928, Shantisagar visited central India.[8] He visited towns including Katni in Madhya Pradesh state, Jabalpur, Sleemanabad, Nohta, Kundalpur and Sagar. In Dronagir, Shantisagar encountered a tiger. By 1929, Shantisagar was in Lalitpur. In Sonagir, four ailaks (researchers). By 1929, Shantisagar was visiting Gwalior and Murena.

Shantisagar travelled to north India.[8] In Rajakheda, Uttar Pradesh, Shantisagar was attacked by a violent crowd. Shantisagar visited Agra, Hastinapur and Firozabad. In 1930, Shantisagar visited Mathura and received a blessing. Shantisagar's presence in Delhi in 1931 is marked by a memorial at Lal Mandir.

In the 1930s, Shantisagar travelled through Western India.[8] He visited the Shri Mahaveer Ji temple, a Jain pilgrimage site. Shantisagar visited Jaipur in 1932, Byavur in 1933, Udaipur in 1934, Goral in Gujarat in 1935, Pratapgarh in 1936 and Gajpantha in Maharashtra in 1937. Around this time, Shri Shantisagar Charitr was written by Muni Kunthusagar in Sanskrit and in Gajpantha, Shantisagar was given the title, "Charitra Chakravarti". In 1938, Shantisagar visited Baramati, Indore city in Madhya Pradesh. In 1939, he visited Pratapgarh in Uttar Pradesh.

In the 1940s, Shantisagar travelled through Maharashtra state.[8] He visited Goral in 1940, Akluj in 1941, Korochi in 1942, Digraj in 1943, Kunthalgiri in 1944, Phaltan in 1945, and Kavalana in 1946. Then in 1947, at the time of Partition, Shantisagar was in Sholapur. In a miracle, in Shantisagar's presence, a mute young man began to speak. In 1948, Shantisagar was in Phaltan. He was in Kavlana in 1949.

In the 1950s, Shantisagar continued to travel in Maharashtra state. He was in Gajpantha in 1950, Baramati in 1951, Lonand in 1952, and Kunthalgiri in 1953. In 1953, Sumeruchandra Diwakar's book, Charitra Chakravarti was published. In 1954, there was preservation of the Dhavala books.

Sallekhana Or Samadhi

In 1955, Shantisagar arrived in Kunthalgiri town.[8] On 18 September 1955, he completed the practice of Sallekhana, a gradual reducing of intake of fluid and food leading to death. Sumeruchandra Diwakar, Bhattarakas Lakshmisen and Jinasen arrived in the town. Acharya Shantisagar attained utkrushta samadhimaran after the 35th / 36th day of fasting. The title of Acharya pada (teacher of philosophy) was awarded to Muni Virasagar.

Padmanabh Jaini writes about his Sallekhana:

It is 23 August, 1955. On the holy mount of Kunthalagiri, in the state of Maharashtra in India, an man of great soul called Shantisagara (Ocean of peace) is ritually fasting to death. He is the Acharya (spiritual leader) of the Digambara Jain community; now, after thirty-five years as a mendicant, he is attaining his mortal end in the holy manner prescribed by the great Mahavira almost 2,500 years earlier. From August 14 until September 7 he takes only water; then, unable to drink without help, he ceases even that. At last, fully conscious and chanting the Jain a litany, he dies in the early morning of September 18. The holiness and propriety of his life and of the manner of his death are widely known and admired by Jainas throughout India.[6]

— Padmanabh S. Jaini

His lineage (parampara)

He had handed over the leadership to the next Acharya Virasagar (1955–1957). He was followed by, in sequence, Acharya Shivasagar (1957–1969), Dharmasagar (1969–1987), Ajitasagar (1987–1990) and then Vardhamansagar (since 1990) who currently leads his sangha. There are numerous Digambar Jain monks who belong to this tradition.[10] Acharya Gyansagar, the guru of Acharya Vidyasagar, was initiated by Acharya Shivasagar.

Acharya Shantisagar Chhani

Acharya Shantisagar is sometimes termed Acharya Shantisagar (Dakshin) to contrast him with Acharya Shantisagar "Chhani" (North) (1888–1944). [11] Chhani is a district in Udaipur. They were thus contemporary.[12] Modern Acharya Gyansagar (born 1957) was initially initiated by Acharya Vidyasagar as a Kashullaka, later he was initiated as a full Digambar Muni by Acharya Sumatisagar belonging to the lineage of Acharya Shantisagar Chhani.[13]

Contemporary to both of them, there was a third Jain Muni Aadisagar Ankalikar (1809–1887). Late Acharya Vimalsagar, belonged to his lineage.[14][15]

See also

• Bhadrabahu
• Kundakunda

References

Citations

1. Natubhai Shah 2004, p. 55.
2. Dundas 2002, p. 185.
3. Natubhai Shah 2004, p. 56.
4. Desjarlais & Eisenberg 1996, p. 82.
5. [The Jaina Path of Purification, Padmanabh S. Jaini, Motilal Banarsidass Publisher, 1998 p. 1]
6. Jaini 1998, p. 1.
7. Natubhai Shah 2004, p. 55-56.
9. Br. Dharmachanda Shastri, Ed., Charitra Chakravarti, 1989
10. Fluegel, Peter [ed.]. Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues. London: Routledge, 2006, pp. 312–398
11. Praśamamūrti Ācārya Śāntisāgara Chāṇī smr̥ti grantha, Kastoor Chand Kasliwal, Ācārya Śāntisāgara Chāṇī Granthamālā, 1998
12. चारित्र चक्रवतीं आचार्य श्री १०८ शान्तिसागर जी महाराज की ८२ वीं पुण्य तिथि पर परम पूज्य आचार्य प्रवर श्री विद्यासागरजी महाराज का उपदेश, 17 November 2017
13. दिगंबर जैन साधु परिचय, Dharmachandra Shastri, Acharya Dharmashurta Granthmala, 1985
14. आचार्य श्री १०८ विमल सागर जी महाराज
15. Flügel, Peter, (ed.), Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues. London and New York: Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group), 2006, pp. 312–398. (Routledge Advances in Jaina Studies)

Sources

• Desjarlais, Robert R.; Eisenberg, Leon (1996) [1995], World Mental Health: Problems and Priorities in Low-income Countries, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-977219-3
• Dundas, Paul (2002) [1992], The Jains (Second ed.), Routledge, ISBN 0-415-26605-X
• Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1998) [1978], The Jaina Path of Purification, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1578-5
• Shah, Natubhai (2004) [1998], Jainism: The World of Conquerors, I, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1938-1

External links

• Media related to Shantisagar at Wikimedia Commons