Sha'ar HaAmakim

Sha'ar HaAmakim (Hebrew: שַׁעַר הַעֲמָקִים‎, lit. Gate of the Valleys) is a kibbutz in northern Israel associated with the Hashomer Hatzair movement founded in 1935. Located near Kiryat Tiv'on, it falls under the jurisdiction of Zevulun Regional Council. In 2018 it had a population of 746.[1]

Sha'ar HaAmakim
Sha'ar HaAmakim in 2008
Sha'ar HaAmakim
Coordinates: 32°43′23″N 35°6′48″E
Grid position160/236 PAL
CountryIsrael
DistrictHaifa
CouncilZevulun
AffiliationKibbutz Movement
Founded1935
Founded byRomanian and Yugoslavian immigrants
Population
 (2018)[1]
746
Websitewww.s-h.org.il

History

Antiquity
Hellenistic era site near the kibbutz

Human habitation in the area dates at least as far back as the Hellenistic period.[2] Although the site, in recent history, has borne the name of Ḫirbet el-Ḥârithîye, it is thought by modern-day archaeologists to have been the Second Temple-period site known as Geba (Greek: Γάβα), based on Josephus' description of distances between Geba and Simonias and Beit Shearim in Lower Galilee.[3][4][5]

Crusades

In 1283, during the hudna ("truce") between the Crusaders based in Acre and the Mamluk sultan al-Mansur Qalawun, this location was named el Harathiyah and was described as part of the domain of the Crusaders.[6]

Ottoman rule

During the Ottoman era, a Muslim village at the site was named el Hâritheh.[7] The village appeared as El Harti on the map of Pierre Jacotin compiled in 1799.[8] In 1859, the population was recorded as 120 with tillable land of 12 feddans.[9] In 1875, Victor Guérin reported about 40 houses.[10] In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described it as an adobe hamlet.[9]

A population list from about 1887 showed that Harithiyeh had about 120 inhabitants; all Muslims.[11]

British Mandate
Horse-drawn and mechanical vehicles at the kibbutz' flour mill in the 1950s

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, the Al Zubaidat, who cultivated the Hartieh land, numbered 363, all Muslims.[12]

In 1925 a Zionist organisation purchased 50 feddans in Hartieh from the Sursock family of Beirut. At the time, there were 60 families living there.[13] In the 1931 census, the Arab Zubeidat was counted under the Shefa-'Amr suburbs.[14]

From 1931, and lasting several years, the Jewish Agency struggled to evict the Arab El Zubeidat, who were tenant farmers at Hartiya.[15][16][17][18] According to Avneri, Hartiya land was to become Sha'ar HaAmakim.[15] According to the Department of Statistics, however, Sha'ar HaAmakim had previously been part of Sheikh Bureik.[19][20]

Kibbutz Sha'ar HaAmakim was founded in 1935 by immigrants from Romania and Yugoslavia. One of its founders was Aharon Cohen,[21] later to be convicted of spying for the Soviet Union. Its name was derived from the nearby confluence of the Jezreel and Zevulun valleys.[22] By the 1945 statistics it had a population of 360, all Jews.[19][20]

State of Israel

Sha'ar HaAmakim hosted volunteers from around the world, including France and the United States, who worked at the kibbutz and participated in cultural exchanges.[23] In the 1960s, there were up to 100 volunteers each year.[24] Bernie Sanders, who later became a U.S. Senator, worked at the kibbutz for several months in 1963.[25][24]

Economy

According to a 2016 report, the kibbutz derives most of its income from its solar water heater factory. It also makes money from agriculture, including dairy farming.[23] For over five decades, the kibbutz has produced and processed sunflower seeds which it markets under its name both in Israel and for export.[26] It also has a fish pond and orchards producing apples, peaches, and pears.[24]

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gollark: This is not a hard problem.
gollark: I think this should explain the problem?
gollark: It's a weird Macron thing.
gollark: They mean half double factorial.

References
  1. "Population in the Localities 2018" (XLS). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 25 August 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  2. Segal, Arthur; Młynarczyk, Jolanta; Burdajewicz, Mariusz; Bar-Oz, Guy (2009). Excavations of the Hellenistic site in Kibbutz Sha'ar-Ha'Amakim. Haifa: Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa. ISBN 9789659041879.
  3. Dvorjetski, Esti (2009)
  4. Mazar (Maisler), B. (1957), p. 19; HUCA xxiv (1952/3), pp. 75–81; Avi-Yonah, M. (1940). Map of Roman Palestine. London: Oxford University Press. p. 38.
  5. Cf. Josephus, Vita § 24; The Jewish War (3.3.1)
  6. Barag, 1979, p. 204
  7. ”the ploughed land”, Palmer, 1881, p. 109
  8. Karmon, 1960, p. 163
  9. Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 270
  10. Guérin, 1880, pp. 399-400
  11. Schumacher, 1888, p. 175
  12. Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. 34
  13. List of villages sold by Sursocks and their partners to the Zionists since British occupation of Palestine Evidence to the Shaw Commission, 1930
  14. Mills, 1932, p. 90.
  15. Avneri, 1984, pp. 156-7
  16. "PALESTINE (HARTIEH LANDS, DISTURBANCE). (Hansard, 26 February 1935)". api.parliament.uk.
  17. "PALESTINE. (Hansard, 24 March 1936)". api.parliament.uk.
  18. Bernie Sanders Stint at 'Stalinist' Kibbutz Draws Red-Baiting From Right, Nathan Guttman, February 5, 2016 The Forward
  19. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 15
  20. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 49
  21. Almogi, Yosef (1982). Total commitment. New York: Herzl Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-8453-4749-2. OCLC 8431597.
  22. History Sha'ar HaAmakim Seeds
  23. Erlanger, Steven (5 February 2016). "Bernie Sanders's Kibbutz Found. Surprise: It's Socialist". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  24. Sales, Ben (8 February 2016). "50 years on, Bernie Sanders still champions values of his Israeli kibbutz". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  25. Aderet, Ofer (4 February 2016). "Mystery Solved? Haaretz Archive Reveals Which Kibbutz Bernie Sanders Volunteered On". Haaretz. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  26. "Shaar Haamakim Seeds". Sha'ar Ha'amakim Seeds, Ltd. Retrieved 6 February 2016.

Bibliography
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