Sespe Creek

Sespe Creek (Chumash: S'eqp'e', "Kneecap"[4]) is a stream, some 61 miles (98 km) long,[5] in Ventura County, southern California, in the Western United States.[6] The creek starts at Potrero Seco in the eastern Sierra Madre Mountains, and is formed by more than thirty tributary streams of the Sierra Madre and Topatopa Mountains, before it empties into the Santa Clara River in Fillmore.

Sespe Creek
Arroyo Sespe, Cespai River, Sespe River [1]
Sespe Creek flowing through the Sespe Wilderness
Map showing Sespe Creek highlighted in the Santa Clara River watershed
Location
CountryUnited States
StateCalifornia
RegionVentura County
Physical characteristics
SourceSan Emigdio Mountains
 • locationPotrero Seco Campground,
Los Padres National Forest, California, United States
 • coordinates34°37′37″N 119°26′31″W
 • elevation5,280 ft (1,610 m)
MouthConfluence with the Santa Clara River
 • location
Sespe, California and Fillmore, California, Ventura County, California
 • coordinates
34°22′48″N 118°57′17″W[2]
 • elevation
355 ft (108 m)
Length61 mi (98 km)
Basin size260 sq mi (670 km2)
Discharge 
 • locationFillmore, California[3]
 • average126 cu ft/s (3.6 m3/s)[3]
 • minimum0 cu ft/s (0 m3/s)
 • maximum85,300 cu ft/s (2,420 m3/s)
Basin features
Tributaries 
 • leftHot Springs Canyon
 • rightLion Canyon, Timber Creek, West Fork Sespe Creek, Little Sespe Creek
TypeWild, Scenic
DesignatedJune 19, 1992

Thirty-one miles (50 km) of Sespe Creek is designated as a National Wild and Scenic River and National Scenic Waterway, and is untouched by dams or concrete channels. It is one of the last wild rivers in Southern California. It is primarily within the southern Los Padres National Forest.

The name Sespe can be traced to a Chumash Indian village, called Cepsey, Sek-pe or S'eqpe' ("Kneecap") in the Chumash language in 1791. The village appeared in a Mexican Alta California land grant called Rancho Sespe or Rancho San Cayetano in 1833.[1][7]

Watershed
Upper Sespe Creek, from the top of Dry Lakes Ridge, looking east

The creek remains free from major habitat modifications and is noteworthy for its lack of dams, although one was originally proposed for a site named Topa Topa near Sespe Hot Springs in the Sespe Wilderness.[8] After originating above 5,000 feet (1,500 m) in the Sierra Madre Mountains in the northwest corner of the Ojai Ranger District, about 75 percent of the Sespe Creek subwatershed is characterized by numerous rugged slopes and canyon walls of the southern Pine Mountains. It flows intermittently but is characterized by a series of permanent deep pools.[9] Major tributaries include the Lion Canyon, Hot Springs Canyon, Timber, West Fork Sespe and Little Sespe Creeks, although over 30 creeks and springs nourish it. Sespe Creek receives most of its rainfall between January and April, and furnishes 40% of the water flowing in the Santa Clara River.

Conservation

Much of Sespe Creek is protected within the Los Padres National Forest. The approximately 219,700-acre (889 km2) Sespe Wilderness Area encompasses 31.5 miles (50.7 km) of Sespe Creek. Established in 1992, the Wilderness Area contains a 53,000-acre (210 km2) Sespe Condor Sanctuary. Approximately 10.5 miles (16.9 km) of upper Sespe Creek have been designated as wild and scenic. Furthermore, the stream is designated as a wild trout stream from the Lion Camp area in the upper subwatershed downstream to the Los Padres National Forest boundary north of and near the City of Fillmore.[9]

Ecology

The Sespe Creek flows through habitas of the California montane chaparral and woodlands ecoregion, and Riparian woodlands.

The inaccessibility of the Sespe Creek backcountry, related to the Sespe gorge and flash floods which make roads through the gorge impossible to maintain, has made the area an apparent refuge for a number of species who were extirpated elsewhere in southern California, including the California condor, southern steelhead trout and possibly the California golden beaver. In addition, the California grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) held out in the Sespe area until at least 1905, when a forest ranger reported tracks and separately hunters claimed they saw a grizzly in the vicinity of the Sespe Hot Springs and Alder Creek.[10]

The Sespe is one of southern California's last free flowing southern Steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus) streams.

Fisherman with catch of southern Steelhead trout in lower Sespe Creek, by William A. Brown, winter, 1911

Endangered or rare species

The confluence of Sespe Creek with the Santa Clara River provides an important connection to upland systems and potential migration corridor for four endangered species: southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus), least Bell's vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus), arroyo toad (Bufo microscaphus californicus), and California red-legged frog (Rana aurora draytonii). The Sespe Creek population is the largest known arroyo toad habitat within its current range.[11]

California condor
Main article: California condor

The Sespe Creek watershed has the 53,000-acre (210 km2) Sespe Condor Sanctuary created in 1947.[6] It protects wilderness habitat of the critically endangered species, the Gymnogyps californianus (California condor).

California golden beaver
Main article: North American beaver

The discovery of a male adult California golden beaver (Castor canadensis subauratus) specimen collected as "wild caught" in May, 1906 (just prior to California instituting statewide protection from 1911–1925) "along the Sespe River in Ventura County" is physical evidence that golden beaver were historically extant in coastal streams in southern California.[12][13] The skull of the Sespe Creek specimen is housed at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology in Berkeley, California and was collected by Dr. John Hornung, of Ventura, California, who assembled a large private mammal collection of over 2,000 skulls and made major specimen donations to museums including the American Museum of Natural History.[14][15] Although the California Department of Fish and Game re-introduced beaver throughout California the first documented restocking was 1923, well after the 1906 Sespe Creek specimen was collected.[16]

The authenticity of the Sespe Creek specimen is supported by reports of beaver historically in the Santa Clara River until Europeans arrived, according to oral Ventureño Chumash history taken by ethnolinguist John Peabody Harrington in the early twentieth century.

The beaver comes and gnaws the tree on the side towards which it leans, and at last falls over. The tree is leaning towards our house. I am beginning to fear that it will fall on us. The beaver builds its house in the river or the cienegas in the time of our ancestors. There were beavers at Ventura and also at Saticoy.[17]

Also there is a Chumash pictograph of a beaver at Painted Rock in the Cuyama River watershed due west of Mt. Pinos in the Sierra Madre mountains, about 35 miles (56 km) from the Sespe Creek headwaters.[18] Additionally, the Hearst Museum in Berkeley has a Ventureño Chumash shaman's rain making kit made from the skin of a beaver tail and a tobacco sack.[19] The shaman, "Somik", produced the artifact in the 1870s and resided at Fort Tejon. It "was not utilized by his descendants".[20] In Janice Timbrook's "Chumash Ethnobotany" she states, based on linguist J. P. Harrington's interview with Chumash elder Maria Soares, that the Indians near Tehachapi and also the Chumash believed that "a willow stick that had been cut by a beaver was thought to have the power to bring water. The Chumash would treat the stick with 'ayip ( a ritually powerful substance made from alum) and then plant it in the ground to create a permanent spring of water". In addition the Barbareño and Ventureño Chumash had a Beaver Dance.[21] Finally, the Chumash word for beaver is Chipik, spelled "č'ǝpǝk'" in Barbareño and "tšǝ'pǝk" (Timothy Henry personal communication 2011-01-23), and "č'ɨpɨk" in Ineseño (Samala).[22] Taken together, these facts support the hypothesis that beaver ranged throughout Santa Barbara County, California and Ventura County, California.

There is a Beaver Campground on Sespe Creek. Andy Bisaccia recalls taking Boy Scouts camping there between 1938 and 1944 and remembers seeing beaver, their dams, and lodges, and that they could be observed off of Highway 33 in that vicinity.[23] Another eyewitness, a USFS Fire Crew Chief, James Jeffery, saw beaver dams about 1.5 miles above Beaver Camp in 1969-1970 (personal communication R. Bisaccia Jan. 2011). Alasdair Coyne reports seeing a beaver dam at Willett Hot Springs about ten miles east of Rose Valley on the Sespe, in 2000 (personal communication A. Coyne Jan. 2011).

gollark: And the curfew thing is mostly irrelevant since people and seemingly much of the dramatic things were there before the curfewing happened.
gollark: Yes, I think people were mostly unhappy about the whole "armed insurrection on/against government building" situation.
gollark: I don't think they should be reasonably expected to risk their lives, unless paid much more.
gollark: I totally trust someone or other to define idiots.
gollark: Yes, I'm sure it devolving into a firefight would really improve the situation.

See also

References
  1. Erwin G. Gudde; William Bright (2004). California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24217-3. Retrieved Apr 13, 2010.
  2. "Sespe Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. 19 January 1981. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
  3. "USGS Gage #11113000 on Sespe Creek near Fillmore, CA: Water-Data Report 2013" (PDF). National Water Information System. U.S. Geological Survey. 1911–2013. Retrieved 2015-03-23.
  4. McCall, Lynne & Rosalind, Perry, red. (1991): The Chumash People: Materials for Teachers and Students. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. San Luis Obispo, CA: EZ Nature Books. ISBN 0-945092-23-7. Page 29.
  5. U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed March 16, 2011
  6. Monsma, Bradley John (2004). The Sespe Wild: Southern California's Last Free River. Reno, Nevada: University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0-87417-536-3. Retrieved Apr 11, 2010.
  7. McCall, Lynne; Perry, Rosalind (2002). California's Chumash Indians : a project of the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Education Center (Revised ed.). San Luis Obispo, Calif: EZ Nature Books. p. 36. ISBN 0936784156.
  8. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-22.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. Santa Clara River Tributaries Subprofiles (Report). Retrieved Apr 13, 2010.
  10. Charles F. Outland (1969). Mines, Mountains and Grizzlies: tales of California's Ventura back country. Ventura County Historical Society. p. 134.
  11. David Court; et al. (June 2000). Prioritizing Sites along the Santa Clara River for Conservation of Threatened and Endangered Species, Master's thesis (PDF) (Report). University of California Santa Barbara. Retrieved Apr 13, 2010.
  12. "MVZ Mammals 4918 Castor canadensis subauratus Sespe River". Berkeley, California: Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
  13. Walter P. Taylor (1916). The Status of the Beavers in Western America with a Consideration of the Factors in their Speciation, in University of California Publications in Zoology Vol. 12. Berkeley, California: University of California. p. 449. Retrieved Mar 11, 2010.
  14. Annual report of the American Museum of Natural History, Volumes 41-42. American Museum of Natural History. 1910. p. 69. Retrieved June 4, 2010. american museum of natural history dr. john hornung.
  15. A. Brazier Howell (May 1923). "The Mammal Collections of North America". Journal of Mammalogy. 4: 113–120. doi:10.2307/1373543. JSTOR 1373543.
  16. Tappe, Donald T. (1942). "The Status of Beavers in California". Game Bulletin No. 3. California Department of Fish & Game.
  17. Chumash Field Notes, John P. Harrington Papers Microfilm edition: Volume 3, Reel 85, Frame 0305 - 0307. National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
  18. Georgia Lee; Stephen Horne (1978). "The Painted Rock Site (SBa-502 and SBa-526): Sapaksi, the House of the Sun". Journal of California Anthropology. Retrieved Apr 27, 2010.
  19. "Tobacco sack and skin from a beaver tail, part of shaman's rain-making kit, Ventureño Chumash, 1-84664, 1-84666". Hearst Museum of Anthropology. Archived from the original on June 22, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
  20. "Catalog Card on 1-84664". Heart Museum of Anthropology. Archived from the original on July 1, 2016. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
  21. Janice Timbrook (2007). Chumash Ethnobotany. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-59714-048-5.
  22. Richard B. Applegate (2007). Samala English Dictionary. Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Indians. p. 476. ISBN 978-0-615-13131-3.
  23. personal communication with Andy Bisaccia Jan. 2011
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