Scolopendra heros

Scolopendra heros, commonly known as the giant desert centipede, giant Sonoran centipede, Texas redheaded centipede, and giant redheaded centipede, is a species of North American centipede found in the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico.

Scolopendra heros
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Chilopoda
Order: Scolopendromorpha
Family: Scolopendridae
Genus: Scolopendra
Species:
S. heros
Binomial name
Scolopendra heros
Girard, 1853
Approximate distribution of S. heros
Synonyms[1]
  • Scolopendra castaneiceps
    (Wood, 1861)
  • Scolopendra pernix
    (Kohlrausch, 1878)
  • Scolopendra heros prismatica
    (Cragin, 1885)
  • Scolopendra heros arizonensis
    (Kraepelin, 1903)

Description
S. heros var. castaneiceps found in Oklahoma, with red head and black body

S. heros is the largest centipede in North America.[2] It has an average length of 6.5 inches (170 mm), but can reach up to 8 in (200 mm) in the wild,[3] and even longer in captivity.[4] Its trunk bears either 21 or 23 pairs of legs.[5][6]

It is aposematically colored, to warn off potential predators, and a number of color variants are known in the species.[3] The castaneiceps variant found in Arkansas,[3] Missouri,[2] Texas,[4] and other nearby areas is commonly known as the "giant redheaded centipede" or "Texas redheaded centipede" because of its distinct red head and greenish black body and tail.

Distribution and ecology

S. heros is found in northern Mexico and the southwestern United States, from New Mexico and Arizona in the west to Arkansas, Missouri, and Louisiana in the east. Although this species is commonly referred to as the "giant desert centipede" because of its presence in the Sonoran Desert and other arid habitats, S. heros is also found in rocky woodland areas, such as in Arkansas.[3] It remains underground on warm days, emerging in cloudy weather.[7]

Hunting and diet

S. heros is primarily a nocturnal predator and hunts invertebrates and small vertebrates, including rodents, reptiles, and amphibians. It is capable of reaching into the air to grab small flying insects. The centipede uses its venom to subdue prey.[4]

Life cycle

S. heros hatch from eggs. The immature centipedes are known as nymphs. As they grow and mature, like all arthropods they shed and molt away their exoskeleton. Each time they molt they enter a new stage of its life cycle called an instar. During these growth stages they tend to grow more legs, starting with around 10 legs and growing up to 18 or more after each successive molting. These arthropods can live up to 5 years and even longer depending on environmental conditions. [8]

Venom

The venom of S. heros is similar to the venom of other Scolopendra species, although much more potent than that of other species, including components such as serotonin, histamine, lipids, proteins (including cardiotoxic proteins and enzymes such as hemolytic phospholipase A), and other substances. The mixture is known to act as a cytolysin, compromising cellular membranes and rupturing cells.[9][10] S. heros venom also contains toxins targeted to its prey: one toxin numbs the nervous system of insects, rendering them unable to sense or escape, while another toxin interferes with the autonomic nervous system of vertebrates to make small vertebrates easier to subdue and devour. The exact effects and makeup of the venom have not been thoroughly evaluated, in part because it is difficult to extract in significant quantities and quickly deteriorates when processed.[5]

S. heros bites are very painful to vertebrates.[4] A rat bitten by S. heros in the leg showed signs of excruciating pain, followed by soreness, but returned to normal after five hours.[11] For humans, a bite from S. heros usually causes sharp, searing, local pain and swelling,[11][12] but has never caused any confirmed deaths.[4] S. heros bites are known to occasionally cause nausea, headache, and localized skin necrosis.[4] However, there are individual cases of severe symptoms and injury (including kidney failure due to rhabdomyolysis, and heart attack) in humans resulting from Scolopendra bites.[4][10]

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References
  1. Bonato, Lucio; Chagas Junior, Amazonas; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Lewis, John G. E.; Minelli, Alessandro; Pereira, Luis A.; Shelley, Rowland M.; Stoev, Pavel; Zapparoli, Marzio (2016). "Scolopendra heros Girard, 1853". ChiloBase 2.0 – A World Catalogue of Centipedes (Chilopoda). University of Padova. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
  2. "Giant Red-Headed Centipede". MDC Discover Nature. Missouri Department of Conservation. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
  3. Jeffrey K. Barnes (June 21, 2002). "Giant redheaded centipede". Arthropod Museum Notes 13. University of Arkansas. Archived from the original on July 21, 2010.
  4. Hutchins, Ben (2014). "Wild Thing: Giant Redheaded Centipede Induces Fear". tpwmagazine.com. Texas Parks and Wildlife. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
  5. Thomas Eisner, Maria Eisner & Melody Siegler (2005). "Scolopendra heros (the giant Sonoran centipede)". Secret weapons: defenses of insects, spiders, scorpions, and other many-legged creatures. Harvard University Press. pp. 29–32. ISBN 978-0-674-01882-2.
  6. Animal-World. "Giant Desert Centipede". Animal World. Retrieved 2019-10-18.
  7. J. G. E. Lewis (2005). "Physiology and ecology". The Biology of Centipedes. Cambridge University Press. pp. 375–406. ISBN 978-0-521-03411-1.
  8. Animal-World. "Giant Desert Centipede". Animal World. Retrieved 2019-10-18.
  9. Yildiz, A; Biçeroglu, S; Yakut, N; Bilir, C; Akdemir, R; Akilli, A (2017-01-02). "Acute myocardial infarction in a young man caused by centipede sting". Emergency Medicine Journal. 23 (4): e30. doi:10.1136/emj.2005.030007. ISSN 1472-0205. PMC 2579533. PMID 16549562.
  10. Logan, J L; Ogden, D A (1985-04-01). "Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure following the bite of the giant desert centipede Scolopendra heros". Western Journal of Medicine. 142 (4): 549–550. ISSN 0093-0415. PMC 1306096. PMID 4013269.
  11. Baerg, W. J.; Centipedes (1924-09-01). "The Effect of the Venom of Some Supposedly Poisonous Arthropods". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 17 (3): 343–352. doi:10.1093/aesa/17.3.343. ISSN 0013-8746.
  12. Bush, S. P.; King, B. O.; Norris, R. L.; Stockwell, S. A. (2001-01-01). "Centipede envenomation". Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. 12 (2): 93–99. doi:10.1580/1080-6032(2001)012[0093:ce]2.0.co;2. ISSN 1080-6032. PMID 11434497.
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