Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 901

Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 901, also known as SAS Flight 901, was a scheduled international flight operated by the Scandinavian Airlines System, that overran the runway at its destination at John F. Kennedy International Airport on February 28, 1984. The flight, operated by a McDonnell Douglas DC-10, originated at Stockholm Arlanda Airport, Sweden, before a stopover at an airport in Oslo, Norway. All 177 passengers and crew members on board survived, although 12 were injured. The cause was a runway overshoot due to the crew's failure to monitor their airspeed and overreliance on the aircraft's autothrottle.[1][2]

Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 901
Accident
DateFebruary 28, 1984 (1984-02-28)
SummaryRunway overrun due to pilot error
Site650 ft (200 m) from Runway 04R at John F. Kennedy Airport
Aircraft
Aircraft typeMcDonnell Douglas DC-10-30
Aircraft nameHaakon Viking
OperatorScandinavian Airlines
RegistrationLN-RKB
Flight originStockholm Arlanda Airport,
Stockholm, Sweden
StopoverOslo Airport,
Oslo, Norway
DestinationJohn F. Kennedy International Airport,
New York City, United States
Occupants177
Passengers163
Crew14
Fatalities0
Injuries12
Survivors177

Aircraft
LN-RKB in a previous livery, 1983

Flight 901 was a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30, registered as LN-RKB, named the Haakon Viking, and first flown in testing in 1975. Its McDonnell Douglas construction number was 46871/219.[3] The aircraft was equipped with three General Electric CF6-50C engines. It entered into commercial flight service with Scandinavian Airlines in January 1976.[4]

Investigation

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigated the accident. Investigators first thought a probable cause of the crash could be hydroplaning since there was bad weather on arrival, but this was later ruled out when investigators inspected the runway and found that the grooves on the runway were in good condition and there were no recent reports of hydroplaning on that runway. The NTSB discovered from eyewitnesses that the airport's control tower could not see the flight arriving due to low visibility. However, they and passengers on the flight reported that the aircraft traveled an unusually long distance before landing. According to the flight's cockpit voice and flight data recorders, the aircraft was at an unusually high speed of 205 knots before landing.[5] It was also noticed that the captain only monitored his airspeed, not the shown ground speed. To avoid striking the approach lighting system, they veered the DC-10 off Runway 04R using the aircraft's rudder. The aircraft came to a rest in shallow water 650 ft (200 m) from Runway 04R.[5][6]

Investigators discovered that the captain was relying on the aircraft's autothrottle, believing that it would automatically decrease turbine power.[7] NTSB investigators also found that the autothrottle control system had malfunctioned during previous flights. They believe that during the approach, the DC-10's autothrottle had a software malfunction, leading to increased airspeed before touching down. In the NTSB's final report, the probable cause of SAS Flight 901 states that "The flightcrew’s (a) disregard for prescribed procedures for monitoring and controlling of airspeed during the final stages of the approach and (b) decision to continue the landing rather than to execute a missed approach, and (c) overreliance on the autothrottle speed control system which had a history of recent malfunctions".[6][8]

Aftermath
LN-RKB, December 1984, after it was repaired.
Incident aircraft as N311FE, May 2010.

The NTSB had issued two safety recommendations to the Federal Aviation Administration on November 16, 1984, one day after releasing the final report.[1]

A-84-123: Apply the findings of behavioral research programs and accident/incident investigations regarding degradation of pilot performance as a result of automation to modify pilot training programs and flight procedures so as to take full advantage of the safety benefits of automation technology.[9]

A-84-124: Direct air carrier principal operations inspectors to review the airspeed callout procedures of assigned air carriers and, where necessary, to require that these procedures specify the actual speed deviations (in appropriate increments, i.e., +10, +20, -10, -20, etc.) from computed reference speeds.[10]

After the accident, mechanics found that LN-RKB suffered substantial damage, but was later repaired and returned to service, until it was bought by Federal Express in 1985, reregistered as N311FE, and converted into a freighter. It was withdrawn from use and stored in 2012; in 2013 it was returned to service.[11] As of September 2019, the aircraft is currently in cargo service with FedEx Express.[12]

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References
  1. Aviation Safety Network. "ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 LN-RKB New York-John F. Kennedy International Airport, NY (JFK)". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  2. "Engineered Materials Arresting System (EMAS) - SKYbrary Aviation Safety". www.skybrary.aero. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
  3. "McDonnell Douglas Archives - Aviation Accident Database". Aviation Accident Database. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
  4. PlaneLogger. "REGISTRATION DETAILS FOR LN-RKB (SAS SCANDINAVIAN AIRLINES) DC-10-30". PlaneLogger. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
  5. Witkin, Richard (March 1, 1984). "Unusual Speed Cited In Jetliner Accident At Kennedy Airport". The New York Times. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  6. "Aircraft accident report Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 901 McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 John F. Kennedy International Airport Jamaica, New York February 28, 1984" (PDF). Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board. NTSB/AAR-84/15. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 4, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2014.
  7. "Safety board blames crew in SAS accident". UPI. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
  8. "Event Details". www.fss.aero. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
  9. "Safety Recommendation A-84-123". National Transportation Safety Board. November 16, 1984. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
  10. "Safety Recommendation A-84-124". National Transportation Safety Board. November 16, 1984. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
  11. PlaneLogger. "Registration Details For N311FE (Federal Express (FedEx)) DC-10-30". PlaneLogger. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
  12. "FAA Registry - Aircraft - N-Number Inquiry". registry.faa.gov. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
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