Samoan tropical moist forests

The Samoan tropical moist forests are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion in the Samoan Islands of the Pacific Ocean.

Samoan tropical moist forests
Lowland rain forest on Savai'i
Map of the Samoan Islands
Ecology
RealmOceanian
Biometropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
Geography
Area2,763 km2 (1,067 sq mi)
CountriesSamoa and American Samoa
Conservation
Conservation statusCritical/endangered
Protected231 km² (8%)[1]

Approximately 30% of Samoa's biodiversity is endemic, found only in Samoa, with new species still being discovered including two new butterflies in 2009 and freshwater fish new to science. The country has more native species of ferns and butterflies than New Zealand, a country 85 times larger.[2]


Geography

The Samoan Islands are in the central Pacific Ocean. They are volcanic in origin. The islands have a total area of 3,030 km². The largest islands in the group are Savai'i and Upolu. The islands are politically divided between Samoa, and independent country, and American Samoa, and unincorporated territory of the United States.

The islands are located south of the equator, and have a humid tropical climate. Rainfall exceeds 2000 mm annually.

Flora

Plant communities include lowland rain forest, which is the most extensive, with montane forests and cloud forests at higher elevations. There are smaller areas of montane scrub, Pandanus scrub, littoral (seashore) scrub, montane swamp forest, and summit scrub.[3]

The Central Savai'i Rainforest, comprising an area of 727 square kilometres (281 sq mi) on the island of Savai'i in the Samoan Islands, is the largest continuous patch of rainforest in Polynesia. The area contains more than 100 volcanic craters including recent lava flows.[4] The rainforest spans the inland region of the island and contains most of Samoa's endemic native species, many of which are threatened or near extinction.[2]

Fauna
See also: List of birds of Samoa and List of mammals of Samoa

Endemic birds include the rare and unusual tooth-billed pigeon (Didinculus strigirostris), known locally as manumea and Samoa's national bird, and other birds such as the maomao honeyeater (Gymnomyza samoensis).[2] The Samoan white-eye (Zosterops samoensis) and Samoan moorhen (Gallinula pacifica) are both endemic to Savai'i. The Samoan moorhen was last recorded in 1873 with possible sightings in 1984 at the upland forests and at Mount Silisili in 2003.[5]

Conservation
See also: List of protected areas of Samoa

Most of Samoa's land is under customary ownership, about 81% of which is governed at the local level by matai, the chiefly heads of families.[6] Conservation projects therefore take place in partnership with matai, such as the lowland rainforest preserve in Falealupo village, at the western tip of Savai'i and Tafua village on the south east coast.

Some of the islands' plants are used for food, fiber, and traditional Samoan medicine (see Samoan plant names).

In 1994, Samoa ratified the international and legally binding treaty, the Convention on Biological Diversity to develop national strategies for conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. By 2010 protected areas in the country covered 5% of land.[7]

Protected areas include Cornwall National Park (24.94 km²), Lata National Park (49.92 km²), and Mauga o Salafai National Park (59.73 km²) on Savai'i, Lake Lanotoo National Park (4.7 km²) and O Le Pupu Pu'e National Park (50.19 km²) on Upolu,[8] and the National Park of American Samoa on Tutuila, Ofu, and Ta‘ū.

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References
  1. Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b.
  2. James Atherton, ed. (2010). "Report:Vaega Fa'atauainamole Fa'asaoi Samoa, Priority Sites for Con-servation in Samoa: Key Biodiversity Areas". Conservation International - Pacific Islands Programme, Samoa Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
  3. "Samoa tropical moist forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  4. "Samoa tropical moist forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
  5. "Species factsheet". Birdlife International. 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
  6. Fana'afi Le Tagaloa, Aiono (1986). "Western Samoa: the sacred covenant". Land Rights of Pacific Women. Institute of Pacific Studies of the University of the South Pacific. p. 103. ISBN 982-02-0012-1. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
  7. "Samoa struggling with biodiversity goals". Islands Business. 19 May 2010. Archived from the original on 26 May 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
  8. "Samoa". Protected Planet. Accessed 27 May 2020.
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