SMS Hansa (1872)

SMS Hansa [lower-alpha 1] was a German ironclad warship built in 1868–1875. She was the first ironclad built in Germany; all previous German ironclads had been built in foreign shipyards. She was named after the Hanseatic League, known in Germany simply as Hanse, Latinized Hansa. The ship was launched in October 1872 and commissioned into the German Imperial Navy (Kaiserliche Marine) in May 1875. Designed for overseas service, Hansa was classed as an armored corvette and armed with eight 21 cm (8.3 in) guns in a central battery.

For other ships with the same name, see SMS Hansa.

Hansa in Kiel in the 1880s
Class overview
Operators:	Imperial German Navy
Preceded by:	König Wilhelm
Succeeded by:	Preussen class
Completed:	1
Scrapped:	1
History
Prussia; German Empire
Name:	SMS Hansa
Builder:	Imperial Dockyard, Danzig
Laid down:	1868
Launched:	26 October 1872
Commissioned:	19 May 1875
Stricken:	6 August 1888
Fate:	Broken up, 1906
General characteristics
Type:	Armored corvette
Displacement:	Design: 3,950 t (3,890 long tons) Full load: 4,404 t (4,334 long tons)
Length:	73.50 m (241.1 ft)
Beam:	14.10 m (46.3 ft)
Draft:	5.74 m (18.8 ft)
Installed power:	4 × boilers 450 nhp
Propulsion:	1 × Single-expansion steam engine 1 × Screw propeller
Sail plan:	Ship rig, 1,760 m^2 (18,900 sq ft)
Speed:	12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph)
Range:	1,330 nmi (2,460 km; 1,530 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Boats & landing craft carried:	10
Crew:	28 officers 371 enlisted men
Armament:	8 x 21 cm (8.3 in) L/19 guns
Armor:	Belt: 114 to 152 mm (4.5 to 6.0 in) Battery: 114 mm (4.5 in)

Hansa served abroad for the first nine years of her career in the German navy. In 1884, it was found that her iron hull was badly corroded, which rendered the ship unfit for further active service. She was therefore removed from active duty and used for a variety of secondary roles. From 1884 to 1888, she served as a guard ship in Kiel, where she also trained engine and boiler room personnel. In 1888, she was stricken from the naval register and used as a barracks ship in Kiel. She was moved to Mönkeberg in 1905, where she continued to train boiler room personnel, until 1906 when she was sold to ship-breakers and dismantled for scrap.

Design

Development of a small armored corvette began in 1861, shortly after the first ironclad warships entered service in the British and French fleets. The Prussians initially envisioned using the armored vessel to reduce coastal fortifications,[1] as the French ironclad floating batteries had done at the Battle of Kinburn in 1855.[2] Work on the concept proceeded slowly, and the Prussians initially purchased as series of ironclads from British and French shipyards. The design evolved over this period, eventually settling on a casemate ship similar to the British Edward Reed-designed HMS Pallas.[1]

General characteristics and machinery

Line-drawing of SMS Hansa

Hansa was 71.73 meters (235.3 ft) long at the waterline and 73.50 m (241.1 ft) long overall. She had a beam of 14.10 m (46.3 ft) and a draft of 5.74 m (18.8 ft) forward and 6.80 m (22.3 ft) aft. The ship was designed to displace 3,950 metric tons (3,890 long tons; 4,350 short tons) at a normal loading, and up to 4,404 t (4,334 long tons; 4,855 short tons) with a combat load.[3] The ship's hull was formed with transverse iron frames and mixed iron and timber construction. The underwater portion of the hull was plated with copper to reduce fouling. It contained six watertight compartments.[4]

The German navy found the ship to be very stiff in her sea-keeping qualities. Hansa was very maneuverable and was easily controlled while under sail; under steam the ship remained highly maneuverable but control suffered. The ship's crew numbered 28 officers and 371 enlisted men. She carried a number of smaller boats aboard, including two launches, one pinnace, two cutters, one yawl, and one dinghy. The ship also carried an unknown number of picket boats and barges. Anti-torpedo nets were briefly fitted to the ship from 1885 to 1888.[4]

Hansa was powered by a single horizontal three-cylinder single-expansion steam engine built by AG Vulcan in Stettin. The engine drove a single three-bladed screw that was 6 m (20 ft) in diameter. Steam, at a pressure of at 2 standard atmospheres (200 kPa), was supplied by four trunk boilers in a single boiler room. The boilers were ducted into a single large funnel that could be retracted when the ship was operated under sail.[4] The powerplant was rated at 450 nominal horsepower with a top speed of 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph). On trials, her propulsion system managed 3,275 indicated horsepower (2,442 kW) and 12.7 knots (23.5 km/h; 14.6 mph). The ship carried 310 t (310 long tons; 340 short tons) of coal for the boilers, which enabled a maximum range of 1,330 nautical miles (2,460 km; 1,530 mi) at a cruising speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).[3] Hansa was fully rigged, and had a sail area of 1,760 m² (18,900 sq ft). Steering was controlled by a single rudder.[4]

Armament and armor

Hansa was armed with eight 21-centimeter (8.3 in) L/19 hooped guns, each of which was provided with 110 rounds of ammunition. The guns were placed in a two-story arrangement amidships; four were mounted in a broadside casemate, two on either side of the ship.[4] The other four guns were mounted in casemates on the corners of the lower casemate, which gave the ship a degree of end-on fire capability.[5] The lower guns could depress to −5° and elevate to 13°; at maximum elevation, the guns could reach targets out to 3,200 m (3,500 yd). The upper guns had a wider range of elevation; they could depress to −8° and elevate to 14°. At maximum elevation, the guns had a range of 5,700 m (6,200 yd).[4]

Hansa's armor consisted of teak-backed wrought iron,[4] which was manufactured in Great Britain.[6] Her armored belt was 152 mm (6 in) thick amidships, where it protected the ship's vitals. On the bow and stern, the belt was reduced to 114 mm (4.5 in) in thickness. The entire belt was backed with 306 mm (12 in) of timber. The casemates were armored with 114 mm thick sloping iron plates. The lower battery casemate had 114 mm thick transverse armored bulkheads on either end of the side armor.[4]

Service history

Hansa was laid down at the Royal Dockyard in Danzig in 1868.[3] She was the first ironclad warship to be built in a German shipyard; her predecessors had all been built in French and British shipyards.[7] The ship was launched on 26 October 1872 and moved to the AG Vulcan shipyard in Stettin for fitting out work in August 1873. This was completed in December 1874, and the ship was then towed to Kiel on 3 January 1875, where she was taken into a floating dry dock for final fitting-out. Hansa was finally commissioned into the German fleet on 19 May, two and a half years after her launch. By comparison, all of the earlier foreign-built ironclads were completed in less than a year after their launching; the delays with Hansa were largely the result of the inexperience of the shipyards with building ironclad warships.[8][9]

Through the 1870s, the German armored fleet typically saw active service during the summer months. Over the winter, most of the vessels were placed in reserve with one or two kept in a state of reduced commission as guard ships. Hansa joined the summer training squadron for 1875 on 3 June; the unit also included the ironclads Kronprinz, König Wilhelm, and Kaiser. The ships remained in German waters and Hansa was again decommissioned following the end of the cruise in late summer. She remained out of commission until July 1878 when she returned to service for a deployment to the West Indies later that year. She arrived in the area in January 1879 and toured various ports; later that year she moved to South America to protect German nationals during the War of the Pacific between Peru, Chile, and Bolivia. She stopped in Brazil on the way before arriving in Callao, Peru on 8 September. She cruised off the Peruvian and Chilean coast through June 1880.[10]

Having returned to Germany in late 1880, she was decommissioned in November for a refit that lasted until February 1884.[11] It was found that her hull was badly corroded;[4] this stemmed from the lengthy construction period, during which the iron had already begun to corrode.[5] As a result of the poor shape of her hull, Hansa was removed from active service in 1884 and used as a guard ship in Kiel.[4] She nevertheless joined the training squadron in 1885, along with Friedrich Carl and the new ironclad Bayern. She remained in active service the following year, assigned to II Division of the training squadron, along with four screw corvettes.[12] While in Kiel, she was also used as a training ship for engine-room personnel and stokers. She was activated in June 1887 for the ceremonies marking the beginning of work on the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal that was to link Kiel on the Baltic Sea with the North Sea. She was formally stricken from the naval register on 6 August 1888, by which time her hull had deteriorated further and she was no longer capable of going to sea. She was then used as a floating barracks in Kiel, until 1905. Hansa was then moved to Mönkeberg, hulked, and used to train stokers. The ship did not last long in this service, and was sold in March 1906 for 96,000 marks. Hansa was broken up later that year in Swinemünde.[4][11]

Footnotes

Notes

1. "SMS" stands for "Seiner Majestät Schiff", or "His Majesty's Ship".

Citations

1. Dodson, p. 19.
2. Sondhaus, pp. 59–61.
3. Gröner, p. 4.
4. Gröner, p. 5.
5. Gardiner, p. 244.
6. Sondhaus, p. 120.
7. Gardiner, pp. 242–244.
8. Gröner, pp. 1–5.
9. Dodson, p. 20.
10. Dodson, pp. 25–26.
11. Dodson, p. 32.
12. Dodson, p. 30.

References

• Dodson, Aidan (2016). The Kaiser's Battlefleet: German Capital Ships 1871–1918. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-229-5.
• Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-8317-0302-8.
• Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6.
• Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). Naval warfare, 1815–1914. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-21478-0.