SAGE radar stations

The SAGE radar stations of Air Defense Command (Aerospace Defense Command after 1968) were the military installations operated by USAF squadrons using the 1st automated air defense environment (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) and networked by the SAGE System, a computer network. Most of the radar stations used the Burroughs AN/FST-2 Coordinate Data Transmitting Set (CDTS) to automate the operator environment and provide radar tracks to sector command posts at SAGE Direction Centers (DCs), e.g., the Malmstrom Z-124 radar station was co-located with DC-20. The sector/division radar stations were networked by DCs and Manual Control Centers to provide command, control, and coordination (e.g., at Topsham AFS for the "Bangor North American Air Defense Sector"[1]) for ground-controlled interception of enemy aircraft by interceptors such as the F-106 developed to work with the SAGE System.[2]:128

Not to be confused with radar stations of the preceding Permanent System or the subsequent Joint Surveillance System.
SAGE radar stations
Buildings at Fortuna Air Force Station (Z-27) included the tower for the general surveillance Sperry AN/FPS-35 radar (top) and for a different radar with radome (left). In front of the FPS-35 tower is a pedestal for a previous radar, and the dark building to the right is for tbd.
Coordinates40°N 113°W

40°N 113°W

  • 1966 Air Defense Operations Center
Typemilitary installations

Background

Post-World War II radar stations included those of the 1948 "five-station radar net" and the Lashup network completed in 1950, followed by the "Priority Permanent System" with the initial (priority) radar stations completed in 1952[3]:223 as a "manual air defense system"[4] with Manual ADCCs (e.g., using Plexiglas plotting boards as at the 1954 Ent Air Force Base command center for ADC.)[3]:151 Several Lashup stations became permanent stations (Camp Hero L-10 became LP-45, Fort Custis L-15/LP-56/P-56, Palermo L-13/LP-54, Sault Sainte Marie L-17/LP-20, Highlands L-12/LP-9) and in 1951 some new Permanent System stations similarly designated LP-2, LP-16, etc., instead of using newly deployed radars, were outfitted with older radars such as the January 1945 GE AN/CPS-5 radar, 1948 Western Electric AN/TPS-1B Radar, Bendix AN/TPS-1C radar. The MX-1353 and other programs developed the AN/FPS-6, AN/MPS-10, and other Cold War radars[5]

"At the end of 1957, ADC operated 182 radar stations…32 had been added during the last half of the year as low-altitude, unmanned gap-filler radars. The total consisted of 47 gap-filler stations, 75 Permanent System radars, 39 semimobile radars, 19 Pinetree stations,…1 Lashup[-era radar and a] single Texas Tower".[3]:223 SAGE System groundbreaking was at McChord Air Force Base for DC-12 in 1957[6] where the "electronic brain" began arriving in November 1958[7] for the Seattle Air Defense Sector, and the post-war Ground Observation Corps was disbanded in 1959.

Description

Radar station personnel monitored systems (e.g., local radars and remote radars at gap-filler annexes) and at most radar stations, used CDTS equipment such as the antenna control unit and the Range Height Indicator—CDTS range precision was 1,300 ft (400 m). Also part of the SAGE Air Defense System were radar stations in sectors with Manual Control Centers which provided radar tracks by voice communication, and 4th floor consoles of SAGE Direction Centers in adjacent sectors could input those stations' tracks in the "Manual Inputs" room adjacent to the "Communication Recording-Monitoring and VHF" room.[8] Squadrons at some radar stations were the parent organizations for detachments at other stations, e.g., the 666th RADSQ at Mill Valley Z-38 was the parent of Detachment 2 at the Mather AFB radar station, and the 771st RADSQ at Cape Charles Z-56 was responsible for 3 gap-filler annexes in Delaware, Virginia, and North Carolina.

Most radar stations were part of the preceding Permanent System and some SAGE stations had Ground Air Transmit Receive (GATR) equipment for radioing command guidance by TDDL automated data link to autopilots of equipped interceptors for vectoring to targets[9] (e.g., GATR site R-28 was at Palermo Z-54.) In addition to a squadron operations building (e.g., with CDTS), structures at the radar station included the radar pedestals (e.g., some CONUS stations such as Fort Heath used Arctic Towers), a squadron headquarters building, electrical generator and fuel storage structures, etc.[10] Notable remaining structures of SAGE radar stations include the radar tower at the Selfridge Military Air Museum, the Walker AFS quonset hut next to the Arctic Tower,[11] and the former SAGE barracks usad for the McChord AFB museum.[12]

SAGE upgrades

Air Defense Command radar squadrons were renamed as personnel were assigned with training for the automated CDTS, e.g., the "609th Radar Squadron (SAGE)" was designated on September 1, 1958[9] (originally an AC&W Sq). The Air Defense Command reorganization when the SAGE System was deployed included the redesignation of Air Divisions to Air Defense Sectors in 1959, e.g., the 27th Air Division was renamed between February 1, 1959 and April 1, 1966, as the Los Angeles Air Defense Sector (LAADS) followed by the inactivation of units such as the Air Defense Forces (Western, Central, & Eastern, on July 1, 1960) and some Numbered Air Forces (e.g., Fourth Air Force, September 1, 1960). Radar station tracks were used for 1958 CIM-10 "BOMARC test firings at Patrick, Gunter, and McGuire",[13] and a SAGE Radar Station was used for the 1st Bomarc intercept of a Cape Canaveral drone on August 7, 1958. A few SAGE radar stations provided radar tracks for use with the 8 operational Bomarc complexes, e.g., for 28 Upper Peninsula launch shelters ("Kincheloe AFB BOMARC site"), 56 shelters in New Jersey (operational September 1, 1959),[14] and 56 Long Island shelters (SAGE codename "BED") near the "FOX" mainland site.[15]

Of the 8 Permanent System stations that closed from 1959–1964 with squadrons relocating to stations with "RP" designations, 2 were the last remaining stations with the "LP" designation: (Elkhorn LP-31/RP-31F and Blue Knob LP-63). From 1959–1962, three NORAD radar stations were added for the SAGE Radar Network (i.e., after the 3rd semi-mobile phase of the Permanent System): Key West Z-209, Richmond Z-210, Patrick Z-211 in 1962. One SAGE radar station also provided gap-filler radar coverage for Nike Hercules: San Pedro Hill Z-39 (RP-39) for the 1963–74 Integrated Fire Control area of Malibu Nike battery LA-78 on San Vicente Mtn.[16]

A few Permanent System stations continued operations without being redesignated with Z-xx "NORAD identification codes", e.g., 1952 Duncanville P-79 until 1964, 1958 Cottonwood SM-150 until 1965, and 1948 Hamilton P-48 until 1973. In 1963 when NORAD/ADC command operations moved from Ent AFB to the nearby Chidlaw Building's Combined Operations Center with SAGE-automation, on July 31 the SAGE radar stations were redesignated with the Z-xx codes. Some sector assignments were redesignated (e.g., Watertown AFS was assigned from the 1958 Syracuse Air Defense Sector to the Boston Air Defense Sector on September 4, 1963) and by the end of 1963 nearly all of the Permanent System radar stations not used for SAGE had closed. In 1966, Chidlaw Building operations transferred to the Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker, SAGE's 1st BUIC II II CCCS was deployed (North Truro Z-10),[17] and NORAD/ADC reorganized the Air Defense Sectors back to Air Divisions.

For the 1966 and later NORAD/ADC reorganizations, see NORAD § History.

JUSS radar stations

The joint-use site system (JUSS)[18] was completed after the 1959 Missile Master Plan resolved the surface-to-air missile dispute:[19] both the US Army & USAF SAMs would be deployed and their computers were integrated with each CCCS netting the USAF sector or Army region radar stations. The SAGE System used crosstelling of "SAGE reference track data" from the BOMARC AN/FSQ-7 to the NIKE Hercules AN/FSG-1's "two surveillance and entry consoles",[20] and the 9 bunker sites had been selected by June 1957 for coordinating Army batteries' intercept of targets within an interior NIKE Defense Area of the USAF sector. Deployment of JUSS resulted in several "LP" Permanent System stations closing, and the squadrons relocated to new JUSS "RP" radar stations at most of the 9 sites where Army Missile Master bunkers were being constructed through December 14, 1960. Construction of the Highlands Army Air Defense Site for NY-55DC (4th Q-7) began adjacent to the 1948 Highlands P-9 to use the existing equipment as "Missile Master organic radars"[20] and in 1961, the 770th Radar Squadron at Palermo LP-54 moved to the existing Ft Meade Nike AADCP (W-13DC with USAF RP-54 designation). Squadrons moving to new JUSS radar stations included the 635th RADSQ on May 15, 1960, to the 1st completed Missile Master bunker (Fort Lawton Air Force Station SE-90DC, January 21, 1960), and 2 JUSS installations used geographically-separate radar stations and Missile Master bunkers: the new San Pedro Hill RP-39 was TBD miles from the Ft MacArthur bunker (completed December 1960), and the new Gibbsboro RP-63 in 1961 later provided 1966 radar tracks to replace the Nike radars at Pedricktown PH-64DC, 15 mi (24 km) away. As at San Pedro Hill (ARSR-tbd), the JUSS radar station at Fort Heath B-21DC (the 3rd FSG-1 & 2nd bunker completed--c. April 1960)[21] also had a 1959 ARSR-1 radar of the FAA in addition to 2 USAF and 2 Army height finder radars.[18]

Locations
Codes for Aerospace Defense Command radar stations in the United States
For a list of United States radar stations with the "L-xx" designation (prior to the Permanent System radar network), see Lashup Radar Network.
SAGE radar stations were grouped by Air Defense Sectors (Air Divisions after 1966). The SAGE System networked the radar stations in over 20 of the sectors using AN/FSQ-7 centrals in Direction Centers.
  • LP-xx designates Permanent System stations using older radar equipment instead of radars deployed at "P-xx" stations
  • P-xx designates "Priority Permanent System" stations completed by May 1952
  • RP-xx designates a replacement of one of the permanent stations
  • M-xx designates an initial a station of the 1953-7 semi-mobile radar program
  • SM-xx designates a station of the 1954–62 "second phase mobile radar program"
  • TM-xx designates a station of the 1957–60 "third phase mobile radar program"
  • TT-x designates the Texas Towers, radar tower rigs off the East Coast.
  • Z-xx is the NORAD identification code
Codes for Aerospace Defense Command radar stations outside the United States
Aerospace Defense Command general surveillance radar stations
Perm
ID		 SAGE
ID		 Location ST Coordinates Squadron Activated Inactivated
Sector/Division (Group)
C-21 Saskatoon Mountain AS AB 55°13′51″N 119°18′19″W 919th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1953 1963 Spokane/25th
TM-196 Z-196
Z-249		 Dauphin Island AFS AL 30°15′01″N 088°04′42″W 693d Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron; 635th Radar Squadron
OL-G 630th Radar Squadron; OL-E 678th Air Defense Group		 1959
1972		 1970
1980 (J-12)
TM-199 Z-199 Eufaula AFS AL 31°52′53″N 085°15′13″W 609th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1958 1968
TM-197 Z-197 Thomasville AFS AL 31°56′14″N 087°45′03″W 698th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1958 1969
M-91 Z-91 Texarkana AFS AR 33°27′20″N 093°59′53″W 703d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1955 1968
SM-143 Walnut Ridge AFS AR 36°07′48″N 090°55′09″W 725th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1956 1963
TM-181 Z-181 Ajo AFS AZ 32°25′52″N 112°56′42″W 612th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1958 1969
M-128 Kingman AFS AZ 35°11′51″N 114°02′29″W 659th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1955 1958
M-92 Z-92 Mount Lemmon AFS AZ 32°26′30″N 110°47′22″W 684th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1956 1969
SM-162 Vincent AFB AZ 32°39′15″N 114°35′28″W 864th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1955 1963
M-93 Winslow AFS AZ 35°04′49″N 110°50′01″W 904th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1955 1963
C-20 Baldy Hughes AS BC 55°36′46″N 122°57′16″W 918th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1955 1963
C-153 Kamloops AS BC 50°48′08″N 120°07′36″W 825th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1958 1962
C-19 Puntzi Mountain AS BC 52°09′41″N 124°12′22″W 917th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1952 1962
M-96 Z-96 Almaden AFS CA 37°09′34″N 121°54′01″W 682d Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1957 1980
P-59 Z-59 Boron AFS CA 35°04′44″N 117°34′45″W 750th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1952 1975
P-2 Z-2 Cambria AFS CA 35°31′20″N 121°03′49″W 775th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1980
P-48 Hamilton AFB CA 38°03′16″N 122°30′56″W 724th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1946 1973 San Francisco/28th
P-33 Z-33 Klamath AFS CA 41°33′33″N 124°05′10″W 777th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1981
RP-15 Z-15 Lompoc AFS CA 34°33′57″N 120°30′01″W 669th Radar Squadron 1963 1968
P-74 Z-74 Madera AFS CA 37°02′07″N 120°01′59″W 774th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1966
P-58 Mather AFB CA 38°33′13″N 121°16′08″W 668th AC&W Sq until 1961, later 666th Radar Squadron (Det 2) 1951 1966
P-38 Z-38 Mill Valley AFS CA 37°55′26″N 122°35′49″W 666th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1980 (J-33) San Francisco/28th
P-76 Z-76 Mount Laguna AFS CA 32°52′36″N 116°24′54″W 751st Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1952 1981 Los Angeles/27th (751st)
P-37 Z-37 Point Arena AFS CA 38°53′23″N 123°33′01″W 776th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1998 (J-34)
SM-157 Z-157 Red Bluff AFS CA 40°08′46″N 122°18′16″W 859th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1956 1970
P-39 San Clemente Island AFS CA 32°58′37″N 118°33′10″W 670th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1951 1960
RP-39 Z-39 San Pedro Hill AFS CA 33°44′45″N 118°20′10″W 670th Radar Squadron 1961 1997 (J-31) Los Angeles
P-15 Santa Rosa Island AFS CA 33°56′39″N 120°07′07″W 669th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1952 1963
TM-200 Z-200 Cross City AFS FL 29°38′10″N 083°05′55″W 691st Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1958 1970 Montgomery
M-114 Z-114 Jacksonville NAS FL 30°13′17″N 081°40′57″W 679th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1957 1981 Montgomery
Z-209 Key West NAS FL 24°35′05″N 081°41′18″W 671st Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1962 1988 Montgomery
M-129 Z-129 MacDill AFB FL 27°50′05″N 082°28′19″W 660th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1954 1980 Montgomery
Z-211 Patrick AFB FL 28°12′50″N 080°35′57″W 645th Radar Squadron 1961 1988 Montgomery
Z-210 Richmond AFS FL 25°37′24″N 080°24′16″W 644th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1959 1988 Montgomery
TM-198 Z-198 Tyndall AFB FL 30°04′35″N 085°36′35″W 678th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1956 1983 Montgomery
(678th)
Thorshavn AS FO 62°04′05″N 006°57′59″W 932d Air Control Squadron 1992 2006
M-87 Dobbins AFB GA 33°55′06″N 084°30′16″W 908th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1951 1958
M-111 Z-111 Marietta AFS GA 33°54′14″N 084°29′12″W 908th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1956 1968 Montgomery/35th
M-112 Z-112 Hunter AFB GA 32°01′01″N 081°09′57″W 702d Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1955 1979
SM-165 Flintstone AFS GA 34°57′25″N 085°22′55″W 867th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1955 1960
G-32 Thule AS GL 76°24′14″N 068°43′06″W 931st Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1952 1965
G-33 Thule AS GL 78°18′50″N 072°36′35″W 931st Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron (Det 1) 1952 1965
G-34 Thule AS GL 79°27′52″N 059°09′01″W 931st Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron (Det 2) 1952 1965
M-122 Dallas Center AFS IA 41°43′02″N 093°54′19″W 650th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1955 1957 Sioux City/30th
P-83 Z-83 Waverly AFS IA 42°41′24″N 092°29′04″W 788th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1969 Sioux City/30th
SM-150 Cottonwood AFS ID 46°04′01″N 116°27′51″W 822d Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1958 1965
RP-31 Z-31 Arlington Heights AFS IL 42°03′51″N 087°59′44″W 755th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1960 1969 Chicago
P-70 Z-70 Belleville AFS IL 38°28′32″N 089°54′21″W 798th Aircraft Control and Warning (Later Radar) Squadron 1951 1968 Chicago
SM-137 Carmi AFS IL 38°05′40″N 088°07′01″W 704th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1955 1957
P-85 Z-85 Hanna City AFS IL 40°41′56″N 089°49′33″W 791st Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1968
P-53 Z-53 Rockville AFS IN 39°46′31″N 087°15′24″W 782d Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1966
H-3 Hofn AS IS 64°14′28″N 014°57′43″W 933d AC&W; 667th AC&W (1960), Air Defense, & Air Control squadrons 1951 1992
H-1A Keflavik AS IS 64°01′18″N 022°39′21″W 932d Air Control Squadron 1992 2006
NAS Keflavik IS 63°57′42″N 022°35′30″W 932d Air Control Squadron 1992 2006
H-2 Langanes AS IS 66°16′44″N 014°59′37″W 667th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Air Control) Squadron 1952 1960
H-2A Langanes AS IS 66°08′39″N 015°05′18″W 667th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Air Control) Squadron 1992 2006
H-4A Latrar AS IS 66°10′41″N 023°19′41″W 934th Air Control Squadron 1992 2006
H-1 Rockville AS IS 64°02′07″N 022°39′16″W 932d AC&W, Air Defense, & Air Control squadrons 1951 1992
H-4 Straumnes AS IS 66°25′49″N 023°05′34″W 934th AC&W, Air Defense, & Air Control squadrons 1951 1992
P-47 Z-47 Hutchinson AFS KS 37°55′34″N 097°53′13″W 793d Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1968
P-72 Z-72 Olathe AFS KS 38°50′06″N 094°54′16″W 738th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1968
M-131 Owingsville AFS KY 38°11′31″N 083°49′01″W 809th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1954 1957
P-82 Z-82 Snow Mountain AFS KY 37°53′50″N 086°00′00″W 784th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1968
M-125 England AFB LA 31°18′52″N 092°31′50″W 653d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1954 1963
M-126 Z-126 Houma AFS LA 29°33′45″N 090°40′30″W 657th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1953 1970
TM-194 Z-248 Lake Charles AFS LA 30°11′03″N 093°10′33″W 812th AC&W Sq, 630th RADSQ OL-F, 634th RADSQ, 678th ADG OL-D 1958 1995
MM-1 Fort Heath MA 42°23′20″N 070°58′10″W 820th Radar Squadron (AC&W Sq 1961-2) 1959 1962[22]
P-10 Z-10 North Truro AFS MA 42°02′03″N 070°03′15″W 762d Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1995 (762d)
C-17 Beausejour AS MB 50°08′53″N 096°13′24″W 916th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1953 1961
SM-171 Andrews AFB MD 38°48′25″N 076°52′56″W 1955 1960 Washington/85th
RP-54 Z-227 Ft Meade MD 39°06′59″N 076°43′39″W 770th Radar Squadron 1961 1979 Washington
P-13 Z-13 Brunswick AFS ME 43°53′44″N 069°55′24″W 654th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1965 Bangor/36th
M-110 Z-110 Bucks Harbor AFS ME 907th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1956 1988 Bangor/36th
P-80 Z-80 Caswell AFS ME 766th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1952 1979 Bangor/36th
P-65 Z-65 Charleston AFS ME 45°05′30″N 069°05′42″W 765th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1952 1979 Bangor/36th (765th)
M-105 Alpena AFS MI 45°05′10″N 083°34′25″W 677th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1954 1957
P-16 Z-16 Calumet AFS MI 47°22′16″N 088°10′14″W 665th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1988 Duluth/29th (665th)
P-67 Z-67 Custer AFS MI 42°20′32″N 085°16′49″W 781st Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1969
P-34 Z-34 Empire AFS MI 44°48′09″N 086°03′11″W 752d Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1978
M-109 Grand Marais AFS MI 46°39′49″N 085°59′03″W 906th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1954 1957
P-61 Z-61 Port Austin AFS MI 44°01′49″N 083°00′06″W 754th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1988
P-66 Z-66 Sault Ste. Marie AFS MI 46°27′26″N 084°23′14″W 753d Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1952 1979
P-20 Z-20 Selfridge AFB MI 42°37′40″N 082°49′48″W[23] 661st Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1974
P-23 Willow Run AFS MI 42°14′33″N 083°29′59″W 704th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1955 1960 tbd/30th
SM-132 Z-132 Baudette AFS MN 48°40′12″N 094°37′07″W 692d Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1958 1979 (692d)
P-18 Z-18 Chandler AFS MN 43°53′50″N 095°56′45″W 787th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1969 Duluth/23rd
P-69 Z-69 Finland AFS MN 47°27′13″N 091°14′15″W 756th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1984
SM-138 Grand Rapids AFS MN 47°14′25″N 093°30′54″W 707th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1956 1963
M-101 Rochester AFS MN 44°04′11″N 092°20′24″W 808th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1955 1957
P-36 Snelling AFS MN 44°52′14″N 093°12′36″W 673rd Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1955 1961 tbd/31st
P-17 Z-17 Wadena AFS MN 46°30′55″N 095°06′46″W 739th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1953 1970
SM-139 Willmar AFS MN 45°08′19″N 095°04′25″W 721st Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1956 1961
P-68 Fordland AFS MO 37°09′15″N 092°52′33″W 797th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1951 1961
SM-169 Grandview AFB MO 38°50′41″N 094°32′47″W 31st Air Division 1955 1961
P-64 Z-64 Kirksville AFS MO 40°17′52″N 092°34′32″W 790th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1968
TM-195 Z-195 Crystal Springs AFS MS 31°58′45″N 090°20′40″W 627th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1958 1968
P-24 Z-24 Cut Bank AFS MT 48°56′32″N 112°48′21″W 681st Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1965 Great Falls
P-25 Z-25 Havre AFS MT 48°52′51″N 109°56′42″W 778th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1979 Great Falls
(778th)
TM-179 Z-179 Kalispell AFS MT 48°00′41″N 114°21′53″W 716th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1959 1978 Great Falls
TM-178 Z-178 Lewistown AFS MT 47°13′03″N 109°13′19″W 694th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1958 1971 Great Falls
SM-147 Z-147 Malmstrom AFB MT 47°30′06″N 111°12′12″W 801st Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1956–1969 1969-1974 Great Falls
M-98 Z-98 Miles City AFS MT 46°17′49″N 105°58′42″W 902d Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1954 1968 Great Falls
P-26 Z-26 Opheim AFS MT 48°51′40″N 106°28′40″W 779th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1979 Great Falls
P-11 Yaak AFS MT 48°51′44″N 115°43′18″W 680th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1951 1960 Great Falls
M-116 Cherry Point MCAS NC 34°54′10″N 076°53′10″W 614th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1957 1963
M-115 Z-115 Fort Fisher AFS NC 33°59′24″N 077°55′06″W 701st Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1955 1997 (701st)
M-117 Z-117 Roanoke Rapids AFS NC 36°26′23″N 077°43′31″W 632d Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1956 1978
M-130 Z-130 Winston-Salem AFS NC 36°02′30″N 080°08′18″W 810th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1956 1970
TM-177

TM-177B

 Z-177
n/a		 Dickinson AFS
Alexander[24]		 ND 46°55′14″N 102°43′56″W
 706th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1958
1960		 1965
1967
P-29 Z-29 Finley AFS ND 47°30′57″N 097°52′07″W 785th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1979
P-27 Z-27 Fortuna AFS ND 48°54′14″N 103°52′00″W 780th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1984 (780th)
P-28
P-28A
P-28D		 Z-28 Minot AFS
Niobe
Regan		 ND 48°00′13″N 101°17′40″W[24]

 786th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1952-04
1957-10
1959-01		 1979-07-01
1968-06
1968-06[24]
SM-133 Z-133 Hastings AFS NE 40°34′48″N 098°17′24″W 625th Radar Squadron 1962 1968 Sioux City/30th
P-71 Z-71 Omaha AFS NE 41°21′39″N 096°01′28″W 789th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1968 Kansas City|30th
M-104 Rye AFS NH 43°02′41″N 070°42′51″W 644th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1956 1957
P-9 Z-9 Highlands AFS NJ 40°23′29″N 073°59′38″W 646th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1948 1966 New York/21st
RP-63 Z-63 Gibbsboro AFS NJ 39°49′27″N 074°57′16″W 772d Radar Squadron 1961 1994 New York/21st
P-54 Z-54 Palermo AFS NJ 39°13′19″N 074°41′14″W 770th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, 680th Radar Squadron 1951 1970 New York/21st
N-27 Cartwright AS NL 53°43′28″N 056°57′51″W 922d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1953 1968
N-28 Hopedale AS NL 55°27′59″N 060°13′47″W 923d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1953 1957
N-24 Melville AS NL 53°17′45″N 060°32′24″W 641st Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1953 1971
N-22 Red Cliff AS NL 47°38′20″N 052°40′02″W 642d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1953 1961
N-26 Saint Anthony AS NL 51°20′59″N 055°36′29″W 921st Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1953 1968
N-23 Stephenville AS NL 48°35′21″N 058°39′51″W 640th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1953 1971
N-29 Saglek AS NL 58°29′19″N 062°35′08″W 924th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1953 1970
P-7 Continental Divide AFS NM 35°23′21″N 108°21′12″W 769th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1951 1961
P-41 Kirtland AFB NM 35°03′12″N 106°35′15″W 690th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1954 1962 Albuquerque/34th
M-95 Las Cruces AFS NM 32°15′34″N 106°58′36″W 685th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1954 1963
P-51 Moriarty AFS NM 35°01′50″N 105°49′00″W 768th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1951 1961
P-8 Tierra Amarilla AFS NM 36°37′24″N 106°39′50″W 767th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1951 1959
M-90 Walker AFB NM 33°18′34″N 104°32′54″W 686th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1953 1963
M-94 Z-94 West Mesa AFS NM 35°04′19″N 106°52′12″W 687th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1956 1968
C-102 Barrington AS NS 43°27′08″N 065°28′17″W 672d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1956 1962
N-31 Frobisher Bay AB NT 63°46′50″N 068°32′38″W 926th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1953 1961
N-30 Resolution Island AS NT 61°35′47″N 064°38′18″W 920th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1951 1961
SM-156 Z-156 Fallon AFS NV 39°24′19″N 118°43′19″W 858th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1956 1975 Reno (858th)
SM-163 Z-163 Las Vegas AFS NV 36°19′07″N 115°34′31″W 865th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1956 1969
SM-164 Z-164 Tonopah AFS NV 38°03′06″N 117°13′32″W 866th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1956 1970 (to FAA)[25] Reno (858th)
M-127 Z-127 Winnemucca AFS NV 41°00′40″N 117°46′03″W 658th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1956 1968
P-21 Z-21 Lockport AFS NY 43°08′25″N 078°50′05″W 763d Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1979 Syracuse
P-45 Z-45 Montauk AFS NY 41°03′46″N 071°52′23″W 773d Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1948 1981
P-3 Roslyn AFS NY 40°47′47″N 073°37′37″W 645th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1951 1958 New York/26th
P-50 Z-50 Saratoga Springs AFS NY 43°00′41″N 073°40′57″W 656th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1977
P-49 Z-49 Watertown AFS NY 43°55′31″N 075°54′33″W 655th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1979 Syracuse
P-73 Z-73 Bellefontaine AFS OH 40°22′20″N 083°43′10″W 664th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951-04 1969
SM-170 Wright-Patterson AFB OH 39°47′39″N 084°03′20″W 58th Air Division 1955 1958
P-77 Bartlesville AFS OK 36°45′44″N 096°02′18″W 796th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1951 1961
P-52 Z-52 Oklahoma City AFS OK 35°24′12″N 097°21′28″W 746th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1969 Oklahoma City/31st
P-62 Brookfield AFS OH 41°13′09″N 080°33′43″W 662d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1951 1959
C-15 Armstrong AS ON 50°18′19″N 089°00′49″W 914th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1952 1962
C-119 Lowther AS ON 49°33′21″N 082°59′31″W 639th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1956 1963
C-14 Pagwa AS ON 50°01′04″N 085°15′06″W 913th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1952 1963
C-10 Ramore AS ON 48°25′37″N 080°14′30″W 912th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1952 1962
C-16 Sioux Lookout AS ON 50°04′59″N 092°00′08″W 915th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1952 1962
SM-149 Z-149 Baker AFS OR 44°35′11″N 117°47′14″W 821st Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1959 1968
M-118 Z-118 Burns AFS OR 43°33′45″N 119°09′05″W 634th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1955 1970
P-32 Z-32 Condon AFS OR 45°14′12″N 120°18′06″W 636th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1970
TM-180 Z-180 Keno AFS OR 42°04′08″N 121°58′20″W 827th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1957 1979 (827th)
M-100 Z-100 Mount Hebo AFS OR 45°12′57″N 123°45′28″W 689th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1957 1979
P-12 Z-12 North Bend AFS OR 43°32′00″N 124°10′35″W 761st Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1980
P-30 Z-30 Benton AFS PA 41°21′30″N 076°17′40″W 648th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1975
P-63 Claysburg AFS PA 40°17′15″N 078°33′50″W 772d Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1961
RP-62 Z-62 Oakdale AFS PA 40°23′50″N 080°09′40″W 662d Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1959 1969
SM-159 Z-159 Aiken AFS SC 33°38′46″N 081°40′36″W 861st Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1955 1975
M-113 Z-113 North Charleston AFS SC 32°53′44″N 080°01′20″W 792d Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1955 1980
M-97 Ellsworth AFB SD 44°09′16″N 103°05′03″W 740th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1953 1962
M-99 Z-99 Gettysburg AFS SD 45°02′59″N 099°57′22″W 903d Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1956 1968
SM-134 Z-134 Pickstown AFS SD 43°04′59″N 098°28′31″W 695th Radar Squadron 1961 1968
P-42 Lake City AFS TN 36°11′54″N 084°13′50″W 663d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1952 1961
SM-145 Joelton AFS TN 36°20′12″N 086°51′40″W 799th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1956 1961
M-88 Z-88 Amarillo AFB TX 35°14′46″N 101°39′25″W 688th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1954 1968
P-78 Duncanville AFS TX 32°38′55″N 096°54′25″W 745th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1952 1964
TM-188 Eagle Pass AFS TX 28°51′36″N 100°31′37″W 733d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1957 1963
P-79 Z-79
Z-240		 Ellington AFB TX 29°36′56″N 095°10′23″W 747th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron
OL-C 630th Radar Squadron		 1952 1979
TM-192 Killeen AFS TX 31°03′04″N 097°51′45″W 814th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1957 1961
P-75 Z-75
Z-241		 Lackland AFB TX 29°23′17″N 098°37′59″W 741st Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron
OL-D 630th Radar Squadron		 1953
1972		 1969
1976
TM-193 Lufkin AFS TX 31°25′17″N 094°48′10″W 815th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1957 1961
TM-187 Ozona AFS TX 30°42′15″N 101°07′00″W 732d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1951 1963
RP-78 Z-78 Perrin AFS TX 33°42′17″N 096°38′54″W 745th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1964 1969
TM-190 Port Isabel AFS TX 26°09′20″N 097°20′16″W 811th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1958 1961
TM-186 Pyote AFS TX 31°28′40″N 103°10′06″W 697th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1958 1963
TM-192 Rockport AFS TX 28°05′30″N 097°02′45″W 813th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1958 1963
M-89 Z-89 Sweetwater AFS TX 32°27′48″N 100°28′24″W 683d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1956 1969
TM-189 Zapata AFS TX 26°57′08″N 099°16′31″W 742d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1957 1961
M-121 Z-121 Bedford AFS VA 37°31′02″N 079°30′37″W 649th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1954 1975
P-56

P-56A
P-56B
P-56C

 Z-56

Z-56A
Z-56B
Z-56C

 Cape Charles AFS

Temperanceville
Bethany Beach
Elizabeth City

 VA

VA
DE
NC

 37°07′58″N 075°57′11″W

37°51′38″N 075°33′28″W
38°31′35″N 075°06′26″W
36°14′46″N 076°15′20″W

 771st Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron


 		 1951


 		 1981


 
RP-55 Z-55 Manassas AFS VA 38°37′40″N 077°26′18″W 647th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1955 1965 Washington
M-103 Lyndonville AFS VT 44°39′55″N 071°46′16″W 911th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1956 1963
P-14 Z-14 Saint Albans AFS VT 44°46′54″N 073°03′56″W 764th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1979
P-46 Z-46 Blaine AFS WA 48°54′51″N 122°43′56″W 757th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1979
P-60 Colville AFS WA 48°35′27″N 117°35′19″W 760th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1961
P-6 Curlew AFS WA 48°52′38″N 118°47′08″W 638th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1951 1959
RP-1 Fort Lawton AFS WA 47°39′27″N 122°24′47″W 635th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1960 1963
SM-172 Geiger Field WA 47°37′23″N 117°30′52″W 1954 1958 Spokane/9th[26]
L-29 Larson AFB WA 47°12′28″N 119°19′13″W 637th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1950 1952-->
P-44 Z-44 Makah AFS WA 48°22′18″N 124°40′30″W 758th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1982
P-1 McChord AFB WA 47°07′25″N 122°29′32″W 635th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1951 1960 Seattle/25th
SM-151 Z-151 Mica Peak AFS WA 47°34′26″N 117°04′52″W 823d Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1956 1975
P-57 Z-57 Naselle AFS WA 46°25′19″N 123°47′53″W 759th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1966
P-40 Z-40 Othello AFS WA 46°43′18″N 119°10′23″W 637th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1975 (637th)
P-19 Z-19 Antigo AFS WI 45°02′54″N 089°14′02″W 676th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1977
P-35 Z-35 Osceola AFS WI 45°15′05″N 092°38′34″W 674th Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1975
M-106 Two Creeks AFS WI 44°19′28″N 087°34′45″W 700th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1954 1957 Chicago/20th
P-31 Williams Bay AFS WI 42°37′01″N 088°32′19″W 755th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 1951 1960
P-43 Z-43 Guthrie AFS WV 38°26′35″N 081°40′50″W 783d Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 1951 1968
TM-201 Z-201 Sundance AFS WY 44°28′43″N 104°27′06″W 731st Radar Squadron 1960 1968
TT-2 Texas Tower No. 2 41°44′00″N 067°47′00″W 762d Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron (Annex) 1958 1963 New York/21st
TT-3 Texas Tower No. 3 40°45′00″N 069°19′00″W 773d Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron (Annex) 1958 1963 New York/21st
TT-4 Texas Tower No. 4 39°48′00″N 072°40′00″W 646th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron (Annex) 1959 1961 New York/21st

Replacement

Many of the SAGE radar stations, particularly the locations with Air Route Surveillance Radars (e.g., San Pedro Hill Z-39) were retained when the SAGE System was replaced by the Joint Surveillance System for which the USAF declared full operational capability of the 1st 7 Regional Operational Control Centers (ROCCs) on December 23, 1980[27] (the NORAD Command Center was also upgraded). SAGE radar stations discontinued in 1980 included Almaden (activated 1957), Cambria (1951). Dauphin Island (1959), MacDill (1954), Mill Valley (1951), North Bend (1951), and North Charleston (1955); and stations eventually transferring to the Federal Aviation Administration included Mill Valley Air Force Station.

External image
CDTS OA-1204 & -367 consoles
gollark: Same price *in theory*.
gollark: If not more.
gollark: The 4 is probably 8 times as powerful.
gollark: They should just not have notches. It's a stupid idea. Make the displays more expensive, add a tiny bit of irritatingly sized screen space, make programming for your stuff harder. Why do it? *Why*?
gollark: Well, it doesn't say which there.

References
  1. "Topsham AFS". Cold War Relics. 2009. Archived from the original on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2013-02-19. the SAGE block house was bulldozed in 1985. (image of entrance sign with arrow: "Bangor North American Air Defense Sector")
  5. Cully, George; Pasch, Andreas. "MX-1000 to MX-1499 Listing". Designation-Systems.net. Retrieved 2013-03-04.
  6. "Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE)". Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2013-03-04. In 1958 Air Defense Command established a Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) sector at Minot AFB, which was activated in June 1961. However, as SAC's mission continued to grow at Minot, ownership passed from ADC to SAC, and the SAGE center was deactivated in May 1963.
  7. "Electronic Brain Slated To Arrive" (Google News Archive). Tri-City Herald. November 3, 1958. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
  8. [floor-by-floor diagram of SAGE DC] (copy of military diagram in "the Atlantic"), publisher tbd, retrieved 2013-02-16
  10. Boston Harbor, Mass.; Fort Heath, Grovers Cliff (Map). Cartography by tbd. Revision of Feb 17, 1921 (edition of March 4, 1914). Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. "Arctic Tower at Walker AFB".
  12. "Display site".
  13. Farr, C. W. (29 August 1957), Group Leaders' Meeting – 19 August 1957 (Memorandum 6L-317), Lexington 73, MIT: Division 6, Lincoln Laboratory, retrieved 2013-03-01, Jacobs read a communication forwarded from the 4620th AEW concerning meeting September 9th at Colorado Springs concerning tie-in of AAOCs with SAGE. …plans for BOMARC test firings at Patrick, Gunter, and McGuire. …ESS tests using live strike aircraft…to obtain quantitative data on the…improved tracking logic for SAGE. He emphasized the experimental nature of the tests and indicated the preference for console operation directly by Lincoln engineers rather than through Air Force operators.CS1 maint: location (link)
  14. Freeman, Paul (2013-01-22). "Eastern New Jersey". Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields. Airfields-Freeman.com. Retrieved 2013-03-04. the 12/3/59 Boeing "IM-99A Bases Manual"...depicted the facility in its original configuration with 56 individual BOMARC A "Model II Launcher Shelters". The Ground-to-Air Transmitter site which provided missile guidance was depicted one mile to the northwest.
  15. Figure 3—1. Typical Situation Display ("CRT Faceplate" diagram), US military/contractor, retrieved 2012-02-16, PEN4…FAD…QUEZ…P BOX…34NY…FOX…PKMP…BED
  16. Berhow, Mark A; Gustafson, David (2011) [(2002)]. Fort MacArthur (PDF) (Report) (electronic ed.). Fort MacArthur Military Press. p. 55. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-15. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
  18. Butler, Gerald W; Shaner, Mary; Shaner, Richard; Shaner, Richard (May 2001). The Guns of Boston Harbor. ISBN 9780759647305. Retrieved 2013-03-01. In 1958, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) constructed long-range acquisition radar at Fort Heath. Commissioned in 1959, the ARSR-1 radar was used to track aircraft 220 miles distant for flight-following" purposes. ...the army and air force also used this surveillance radar for Air Defense Control and Coordination Systems (ADCCS).
  19. "To Congress Today: Missile Master Plan is Readied" (Google News Archive). Sarasota Herald Tribune. June 12, 1959. Retrieved 2011-09-20. (Windsor Daily Star article: Peek Slated At Missile Master Plan Retrieved 2011-09-28)
  21. "Boston Center May Control Conn. Missiles" (Google news archive). Meriden Record. July 15, 1960. Retrieved 2013-03-04.
    "Base is Dedicated: 'Blue Room' at Missile Master Gives Eerie But Secure Feeling" (PDF). Red Bank Register. Red Bank, New Jersey. June 7, 1960. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 2011-09-30. RADAR SCANNER at Missile Master atop Highlands hills tells the height of aircraft or other flying objects. It is one of the smaller pieces of radar equipment. …replaces a manuel [sic] operations center at Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island, where Gen.Hewitt's headquarters, the 52d Artillery Brigade Air Defense, also known as "the New York Defense… In addition to the New York area, Missile Master sites are now operational in the Baltimore-Washington area, Seattle and Boston. … A Detroit installation will open this week."
  24. "Information for Minot AFS, ND".
  25. Proposed IAO/DTE Resource Availability (Report). c. 1970. An Air Force radar facility at Tonopah, Nevada is being released by the Air Force to the Federal Aviation Agency. … ADC has a BUIC III radar facility installed and operating at Fallon. This semi-automated ground environment system permits several other radars to be tied into it. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  26. "Information for Geiger Field, WA" (Radomes.org database webpage). Air Defense Radar Stations. Retrieved 2013-03-04. 9 ADD (the 9th Air Division was activated October 8, 1954, at Geiger Field)Volume I
  27. Del Papa, Dr. E. Michael; Warner, Mary P. (October 1987). A Historical Chronology of the Electronic Systems Division 1947–1986 (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 2012-07-19. so-called Semi-Automatic Direction Center System, later known as…Semi-Automatic Ground Environment System, in essence, the Lincoln Transition System.
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