Ruhleben internment camp

Ruhleben internment camp was a civilian detention camp in Germany during World War I. It was located in Ruhleben, a former Vorwerk manor 10 km (6.2 mi) to the west of Berlin, now split between the districts of Spandau and Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf. The camp was originally a harness racing track laid out north of the Berlin-Hamburg Railway line in 1908.

Panoramic view of Ruhleben internment camp by Nico Jungmann, one of the detainees
Bird's eye view of the camp

Detainees
Detainees queuing for Christmas dinner: painting by Nico Jungman

The camp detainees included male citizens of the Allied Powers living, studying, working or on holiday in Germany at the outbreak of World War I. They also included the crews of several civilian ships stranded in German harbours or captured at sea. There were in addition a number of fishermen captured from trawlers which were sunk in the North Sea in the first days of the war: these were mainly men from Hull, Grimsby and Boston. The camp varied between 4,000 and 5,500 prisoners, most of them British. Life in the camp was described in several books and essays subsequently written by detainees. These included To Ruhleben – And Back (1916) by Geoffrey Pyke,[1] who had successfully escaped from the camp in 1915, and Life in Ruhleben, 1914–1918 (1920) by Frederick Keel.[2] Quarters were cramped; the stable blocks averaged 27 stalls each housing six men; the stable block lofts each housed about 200 men.[3]

The German authorities adhered to the Geneva Convention and allowed the camp detainees to administer their own internal affairs. Gradually, a mini-society evolved in the camp. Letters, books, sports equipment and a printing press were all allowed into the camp and the detainees organised their own police force, magazine, library and postal service. The latter, known as the Ruhleben Express Delivery, was organised by Albert Kamps and began operating in July 1915. Soon it was handling over 6,000 pieces of mail per month and 16 different postage stamps, which have since become collectors items, were issued. In April 1916 however the German postal authorities declared the service illegal and it ceased operating. In addition, a number of independent businesses, including a casino, also developed within the camp.

Arts and culture
Gala performance of The Mikado: painting by Nico Jungman

The detainees arranged their own entertainment. Among them were several musicians, including Ernest MacMillan, later to become a conductor of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. Other British musicians included Edgar Bainton,[4] Edward Clark and the Australian-born Arthur Benjamin.[5][6] MacMillan was a prominent member of the Ruhleben Musical Society, formed in 1915, and directed performances of The Mikado (with orchestra and costumes) and a pantomime version of Cinderella. MacMillan transcribed the music for the former from memory with the help of four other musicians, including Benjamin Dale.[7] Among those who attended these performances were James W. Gerard, the United States ambassador. The detainees also presented Trial by Jury, The Pirates of Penzance, The Yeomen of the Guard and The Gondoliers.[7][8] MacMillan gave lectures on each of Beethoven's symphonies, which were followed by piano duet performances played by him together with Benjamin Dale.[9] MacMillan was also a member of the Ruhleben Drama Society and acted in productions of Othello, Twelfth Night, Lady Windermere's Fan and The Importance of Being Earnest.[10]

The artist Charles Freegrove Winzer was interned at the camp, and provided illustrations for the camp magazine. His detention was contested, because he worked for the French Red Cross, and had been visiting his sister in Germany with permission of the military authorities there. Some of his lithographs, depicting life in the camp, are now in the Australian War Memorial collection.[11][12]

Sports
Boxing match: painting by Nico Jungman

Sports also played a major role in the lives of the detainees. Among them were several former professional footballers, including four former England internationals, Fred Spiksley, Fred Pentland, Samuel Wolstenholme and Steve Bloomer; a Scotland international, John Cameron; a German international, Edwin Dutton; and John Brearley, once of Everton and Tottenham Hotspur. The Ruhleben Football Association was formed with Pentland as chairman and Cameron as secretary. Cup and league competitions were organised and teams adopted the names of established teams such as Tottenham Hotspur and Oldham Athletic. As many as 1,000 attended the bigger games. On 2 May 1915 an "England XI" featuring Pentland, Wolstenholme, Brearley and Bloomer played a "World XI" captained by Cameron. Towards the end of the war an international triangular tournament called the Coupe de Allies, featuring a "British XI", a "French XI" and a "Belgium XI", was organised. Other sports such as cricket, rugby, tennis and golf were also popular within the camp. In May 1915 a "Ruhleben XI", featuring Bloomer and Brearley, played a "Varsities XI" in the Ruhleben Cricket League. In July 1916 a "Lancashire XI", featuring Bloomer, beat a "Yorkshire XI" that included Wolstenholme.

Notable detainees
gollark: Minoteaur is going to be production ready some time after the heat death of the universe.
gollark: DokuWiki is a PHP application, sadly, but probably the best for my intended use.
gollark: Please be aware that I am not constantly available regardless of online status and in most circumstances repeated pings won't make me respond.
gollark: <@341618941317349376> DokuWiki
gollark: Unlike some uncool journal things I can embed images and videos, add HTML if I want to for some reason, use many plugins, and crosslink pages.

See also

References

Notes
  1. Pyke, 1916.
  2. Keel, 1920.
  3. Evans, Stephen (28 July 2014). "The prisoners of war who made Little Britain in Berlin". BBC News. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  4. Joseph W Pegg, Newcastle's Musical Heritage: An Introduction
  5. LindaJo K. McKim, LindaJo H. McKim, The Presbyterian Hymnal Companion
  6. Joseph W. Lewis, What Killed the Great and Not So Great Composers?
  7. MacMillan, Sir Ernest (1997). MacMillan on music: essays on music, Carl Morey (ed.) pp. 25–29, Dundurn Press ISBN 1-55002-2857
  8. Photo of the prisoners in The Gondoliers, 1917, accessed 30 May 2012
  9. Nevins, Maureen (1994). Sir Ernest MacMillan: portrait of a Canadian musician (1893–1973), Ruhleben. Library and Archives Canada (electronic collection). Retrieved 2011-09-12.
  10. Hart, Harold B. (9 January 1918). "Life in Ruhleben – Stories of Returned Civil Prisoners". The Scotsman. pp. 5, 11.
  11. "Figures, 2 removing another under force". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  12. "Figures behind wire". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  13. Sorenson, Lee (21 February 2018). "Prichard, Matthew Stewart". Dictionary of Art Historians. Retrieved 2 January 2019.

Bibliography
  • Cimino, Hugh (1915). Behind the Prison Bars in Germany: A Detailed Record of Six Months' Experiences in German Prisons and Detention Camps, by a British Doctor. Newnes.
  • Cohen, Israel (1917). The Ruhleben Prison Camp: a record of nineteen months' internment. London: Methuen.
  • Foreman, Lewis (2011). "In Ruhleben camp". First World War Studies. 2 (1): 27–40.
  • Keel, Frederick (1920). "Life in Ruhleben, 1914–1918". In Williamson, George Charles (ed.). Ye Second Volume of ye Roll of ye Members of ye Sette of Odd Volumes. 72. London: Sette of Odd Volumes. pp. 87–110.
  • Ketchum, J. Davidson (1965). Ruhleben: a prison camp society. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • König, Heidi (2006). "General relativity in the English-speaking world: the contributions of Henry L. Brose". Historical Records of Australian Science. 17 (2): 169–195. doi:10.1071/HR06007. (contains a section on Henry Brose's memories of Ruhleben)
  • Powell, Joseph; Gribble, Francis (1919). The History of Ruhleben: a record of British organisation in a prison camp in Germany. London: Collins. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  • Pyke, Geoffrey (1916). To Ruhleben – and Back: A Great Adventure in Three Phases. London: Constable.
  • Stibbe, Matthew (2008). British Civilian Internees in Germany: the Ruhleben camp, 1914–18. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719070846.
  • Wyke, Terry (2013). "Walter Butterworth: a 'Manchester man' in a German prison camp". Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society. 109: 145–65.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.