Rishabhanatha

Rishabhanatha (also Ṛṣabhadeva, Rishabhadeva, or Ṛṣabha) is the first Tīrthaṅkara (lit. 'ford-maker') of Jainism.[5][6] He was the first of twenty-four teachers in the present half-cycle of time in Jain cosmology, and called a "ford maker" because his teachings helped one across the sea of interminable rebirths and deaths. Jain legends depict him as having lived millions of years ago.[7][4] He is also known as Ādinātha which translates into "First (Adi) Lord (nātha)",[7] as well as Adishvara (first ishvara), Yugadideva (deva of yuga), Prathamaraja (first king), and Nabheya (son of Nabhi).[8][9] Along with Mahavira, Parshvanatha and Neminatha, Rishabhanatha is one of the four Tirthankaras that attract the most devotional worship among the Jains.[10]

This article is about the first tirthankara of Jainism. For avatar of Vishnu in Hinduism, see Rishabha (Hinduism). For the solar month, see Vṛṣabha.

Rishabhanatha
Image of Rishabhanatha at Palitana pilgrimage site in Gujarat, India
Other namesAdinatha, Aadeesh Jina (first conqueror), Adarsh Purush (first Perfect Man), Ikshvaku
SuccessorAjitanatha
SymbolBull
Height500 bows (1312 ells, 4920 feet)[1]
Age8,400,000 purva (592.704 × 1018 years)[1][2][3]
TreeBanyan
ColorGolden
Personal information
Born
Ayodhya
Died
Mount Asthapada
Parents
SpouseSunanda & Sumangala
Children100 sons including Bharata Chakravartin and Bahubali, and 2 daughters: Sundari, Brahmi[4]
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According to Jain traditional accounts, he was born to king Nabhi and queen Marudevi in the north Indian city of Ayodhya, also called Vinita.[4] He had two wives, Sunanda and Sumangala. Sumangala is described as the mother of his ninety-nine sons (including Bharata) and one daughter, Brahmi. Sunanda is depicted as the mother of Bahubali and Sundari. The sudden death of Nilanjana, one of the dancers of Indra, reminded him of the world's transitory nature, and he developed a desire for renunciation.

After his renunciation, the Jain legends state Rishabhanatha wandered without food for an entire year. The day on which he got his first ahara (food) is celebrated by Jains as Akshaya Tritiya. He attained Moksha on Mount Asthapada (Kailash). The text Adi Purana by Jinasena is an account of the events of his life. His iconography includes colossal statues such as Statue of Ahimsa, Bawangaja and those erected in Gopachal hill. His icons include the eponymous bull as his emblem, the Nyagrodha tree, Gomukha (bull-faced) Yaksha, and Chakreshvari Yakshi.

Life in Jain tradition

Rishabhanatha is known by many names among Jains including Adinatha, Adishwara, Yugadeva and Nabheya.[8] Ādi purāṇa, a major Jain text records the life accounts of Rishabhanatha as well as ten previous incarnations.[11] Jain tradition depicts life of a tirthankara in five auspicious event called the pancha kalyanaka. These include garbha (mother's pregnancy), janma (birth), tapa (penance), kevala-jnana (omniscience) and moksha (liberation).[2][12][13]

According to Jain cosmology, the universe does not have a temporal beginning or end. Its "Universal History"[14] divides the cycle of time into two halves (avasarpiṇī and utsarpiṇī) with six aras (spokes) in each half, and the cycles keep repeating perpetually. Twenty-four Tirthankaras appear in every half, the first Tirthankara founding Jainism each time. In the present time cycle, Rishabhanatha is credited as being the first tīrthaṅkara, born at the end of the third half (known as suṣama-duṣamā ārā).[15][16][17]

Rishabhanatha is said to be the founder of Jainism of present Avsarpini (a time cycle) by the different Jain sub-traditions.[15][6] Jain chronology places Rishabhanatha in historical terms, as someone who lived millions of years ago.[7][18][7][4] He is believed to have born 592.704 x 1018 years ago and lived for a span of 8,400,000 purva.[1][2] His height is described in the Jain texts to be 500 bows (1312 ells), or about 4920 feet/1500 meters.[1] Such descriptions of non-human heights and age are also found for the next 21 Tirthankaras in Jain texts and according to Kristi Wiley – a scholar at University of California Berkeley known for her publications in Jainism, most Indologists and scholars consider all the first 22 of 24 Tirthankaras to be prehistorical,[19] or historical and a part of Jain mythology.[1][20] However, among Jain writers and some Indian scholars, some of the first 22 Tirthankaras are considered to reflect historical figures, with a few conceding that the inflated biographical statistics are mythical.[21]

According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, a professor of comparative religions and philosophy at Oxford who later became the second President of India, there is evidence to show that Rishabhdeva was being worshipped by the first century BCE. The Yajurveda[lower-alpha 1] mentions the name of three Tirthankaras – Rishabha, Ajitanatha and Arishtanemi, states Radhakrishnan, and "the Bhāgavata Purāṇa endorses the view that Rishabha was the founder of Jainism".[22]

Birth
See also: Panch Kalyanaka
Janma kalyāṇaka from the Kalpa Sutra, c. 14th–15th Century CE

Rishabhanatha was born to Nabhi and Marudevi, the king and queen of Ayodhya, on the ninth day of the dark half of the month of Chaitra-caitra krişna navamĩ.[15][23][24] His association to Ayodhya makes it a sacred town for Jains, as it is in Hinduism for the birth of the Rama.[4] In Jain tradition, the birth of a tirthankara is marked by 14 auspicious dreams of his mother. These are believed to have been seen by Marudevi on the second day of Ashadha (a month of the Jain calendar) Krishna (dark fortnight). The dreams signified tirthankara's birth according to the supposed explanation by the king to his queen.[25]

Marriage and children

Rishabhanatha is believed to have two wives, Sunanda and Sumangala.[15][26] Sumangala is claimed to be the mother of ninety-nine sons (including Bharata) and one daughter, Brahmi.[15][27] Sunanda is suggested to be the mother of Bahubali and Sundari.[8] Jain texts state that Rishabhanatha taught his daughters Brahmi and Sundari, Brahmi script and the science of numbers (Ank-Vidya) respectively.[15] The Pannavana Sutra (2nd century BCE) and the Samavayanga Sutra (3rd century BCE) list many other writing scripts known to the ancient Jain tradition, of which the Brahmi script named after Rishabha's daughter tops the list.[28] His eldest son, Bharata, is stated to have ruled ancient India from his capital of Ayodhya.[29] He is described as a just and kind ruler in Jain texts, who was not attached to wealth or vices.[30]

Rule, administration and teachings

Jain tradition suggests Rishabhanatha to have been born in bhoga-bhumi or the age of omnipresent happiness.[15][31][14] It is further suggested that no one had to work because of miraculous wish-fulfilling trees called the kalpavrikshas.[15][31][14] It is stated that people approached the king for help due to decreased efficacy of the trees with passage of time.[14][15][32] Rishabhanatha is then said to have taught them six main professions. These were: (1) Asi (swordsmanship for protection), (2) Masi (writing skills), (3) Krishi (agriculture), (4) Vidya (knowledge), (5) Vanijya (trade and commerce) and (6) Shilp (crafts).[33][34][35] In other words, he is credited with introducing karma-bhumi (the age of action) by founding arts and professions to enable householders to sustain themselves.[14][36][37] Rishabhanatha is credited in Jainism to have invented and taught fire, cooking and all the skills needed for human beings to live. In total, Rishabhanatha is said to have taught seventy-two sciences to men and sixty-four to women.[4] The institution of marriage is stated to have come into existence after his marriage marked the precedence.[15][36] According to Paul Dundas, Rishabhanatha, in Jain mythology, is thus not merely a spiritual teacher, but the one who founded knowledge in its various forms.[14] He is depicted as a form of culture hero for the current cosmological cycle.[14]

Jain tradition claim that Rishabhanatha was the first king who established his capital at Vinitanagara (Ayodhya).[33] He is claimed to have given first laws for governance by a king.[33] He is said to have established the three-fold varna system based on professions consisting of kshatriyas (warriors), vaishyas (merchants) and shudras (manual workers).[14][38][33] Bharata is said to have added fourth varna, brahmin to the system.[39]

Renunciation
Statuary representing meditation by Rishabhanatha in Kayotsarga posture. (Photo:Ajmer Jain temple)

Jain legends talks about a dance of celestial dancers organised in Rishabhanatha's royal assembly hall by Indra, the heavenly-king of the first heaven.[40] Nilanjana, one of the dancers, is said to have died in midst of the series of vigorous dance movements.[41][42][39] The sudden death of Nilanjana is said to have reminded Rishabhanatha of the world's transitory nature, triggering him to renounce his kingdom, family and material wealth.[40][43][39] He is then believed to have distributed his kingdom among his hundred sons.[39] Bharata supposedly got the city of Ayodhya and Bahubali is believed to have got the city of Podanapur (Taxila).[42][39] He is believed to have become a monk in Siddharta-garden, in the outskirts of Ayodhya, under Ashoka tree on the ninth day of the month of Chaitra Krishna (Hindu calendar).[39]

Akshaya Tritiya
Main article: Akshaya Tritiya

Jains believe that people did not know the procedure to offer food to a monk, since Rishabhanatha was the first one.[44][45] His great-grandson, Shreyansa, a king of Gajapura (now Hastinapur), offered him sugarcane juice (ikshu-rasa) to break his 13-month-long fast.[46][45] Jains celebrate the event as Akshaya tritiya every year on the third day of the bright fortnight of the month Vaishaka (usually April).[47][45] It is believed to be the starting of the ritual of ahara-daana (food offerings) from layperson to mendicants.[14]

Omniscience
Rishabhanatha's moving over lotus after attaining omniscience

Rishabhanatha is said to have spent a thousand years performing austerities before attaining kevala jnana (omniscience) under a banyan tree on the 11th day of falgun-krishna (a month in Hindu calendar).[48][4][45] The Devas (heavenly beings) are suggested to have created divine preaching halls known as samavasaranas for him after that.[2] He is believed to have given the five major vows for monks and 12 minor vows for laity.[49] He is believed to have established the sangha (four-fold religious order) consisting of male and female mendicants and disciples.[50][2] His religious order is mentioned in Kalpa Sutra to have consisted of 84,000 sadhus (male monks) and 3,00,000 sadhvis (female monks).[51]

Nirvana kalyanaka, death
Mount Kailash or Ashtapad, the Nirvana place of Rishabhdeva.

Rishabhanatha is said to have preached the principles of Jainism far and wide.[50][52] At his death, he is suggested to have attained Nirvana or moksha, destroying all four of his ghati-karma.[53] This is marked as liberation of his soul from the endless cycle of rebirths to stay eternally at siddhaloka. His death is believed in Jainism to have occurred on Ashtapada (also known as Mount Kailash) on the fourteenth day of Magha Krishna (Hindu Calendar).[54][52][55] His total age at that time is suugested to be 84 lakh purva years, with three years and eight and a half months remaining of the third ara.[43] According to medieval era Jain texts, Rishabhanatha performed asceticism for millions of years, then returned to Ashtapada where he fasted to his death (moksha). They further state that Indra came with his fellow gods from the heavens after that to cremate his body with sandalwood, camphor, butter and other fire offerings.[56]

In Literature
Svetambara iconography of Rishabhanatha, in which he is identified by the bull stamped or carved below his feet. On the center of his chest is a shrivatsa.

The Ādi purāṇa, a 9th-century Sanskrit poem,[11] and a 10th-century Kannada language commentary on it by the poet Adikavi Pampa (fl. 941 CE), written in Champu style, a mix of prose and verse and spread over sixteen cantos, deals with the ten lives of Rishabhanatha and his two sons.[57][58] The life of Rishabhanatha is also detailed in Mahapurana of Jinasena, Trisasti-salaka-purusa-caritra by the scholar Hemachandra, Kalpa Sutra a Jain text containing the biographies of the Jain Tirthankaras, and Jambudvipa-prajnapti.[59][60] Bhaktamara Stotra by Acharya Manatunga is one of the most prominent prayers mentioning Rishabhanatha.[61] There is mention of Rishabha in Hindu texts, such as in the Rigveda, Vishnu Purana and Bhagavata Purana (in 5th canto).[62][63] In the ancient Hindu texts, the term means "bull" and not the Rishabhanatha. In later texts, such as the Bhagavatapurana, he is described as an avatar of Vishnu, a great sage, known for his learning and austerities.[59][64] Rishabhanatha is also mentioned in Buddhist literature. It speaks of several tirthankara and includes Rishabhanatha along with: Padmaprabha, Chandraprabha, Pushpadanta, Vimalanatha, Dharmanatha, and Neminatha. A Buddhist scripture named Dharmottarapradipa mentions Rishabhanatha as an Apta (Tirthankara).[27]

Iconography
Carving at Ambika Gumpha, Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves, 2nd century BCE

Rishabhanatha is usually depicted in the lotus position or kayotsarga, a standing posture of meditation. The distinguishing features of Rishabhanatha are his long locks of hair which fall on his shoulders, and an image of a bull in sculptures of him.[65] Paintings of him usually depict legendary events of his life. Some of these include his marriage, and Indra performing a ritual known as abhisheka (consecration). He is sometimes shown presenting a bowl to his followers and teaching them the art of pottery, painting a house, or weaving textiles. The visit of his mother Marudevi is also shown extensively in painting.[66] He is also associated with his Bull emblem, the Nyagrodha tree, Gomukha (bull-faced) Yaksha, and Chakreshvari Yakshi.[67]

Statue of Ahimsa, carved out of a single rock, is a 108 feet (33 m) tall (121 feet (37 m) including pedestal) statue of Rishabhanatha and is 1,840 sq feet in size. It is said to be the world's tallest Jain idol.[68] It is located 4,343 feet (1,324 m) above from sea level, near Mangi-Tungi hills near Nashik (Maharashtra). Officials from the Guinness Book of World Records visited Mangi Tungi and awarded the engineer of the 108 ft tall Rishabhdeva statue, C R Patil, the official certificate for the world's tallest Jain idol.[69][70]

In Madhya Pradesh, there is the Bawangaja (meaning 52 yards (156 ft)) hill, near Barwani with a Gommateshvara figure covered on the top of it. This site is important to Jain pilgrims particularly on the full moon day in January.[71] The site has a Rishabanatha statue carved from a volcanic rock.[72] The 58.4 feet (17.8 m) Rishabhanatha Statue at Gopachal Hill, Gwalior Fort, Madhya Pradesh. Thousands of Jain idols including 58.4 foot idol of Rishabhanatha were carved in the Gopachal Hill idol from 1398 A.D. to 1536 A.D. by rulers of Tomar dynasty rulers — Viramdev, Dungar Singh and Kirti Singh.[73]

Temples
Palitana temples

Rishabhanatha is one of the five most devotionally revered Tirthankaras, along with Mahavira, Parshvanatha, Neminatha and Shantinatha.[10] Various Jain temple complexes across India feature him, and these are important pilgrimage sites in Jainism. Mount Shatrunjaya, for example, is a hilly part of southern Gujarat, which is believed to have been a place where 23 out of 24 Tirthankaras preached, along with Rishabha.[74] Numerous monks are believed to have attained their liberation from cycles of rebirth there, and a large temple within the complex is dedicated to Rishabha commemorating his enlightenment in Ayodhya. The central Rishabha icon of this complex is called Adinatha or simply Dada (grandfather). This icon is the most revered of all the murtipujaka icons, believed by some in the Jain tradition to have miracle making powers, according to John Cort.[74] In Jain texts, Kunti and the five Pandava brothers of the Hindu Epic Mahabharata came to the hill top to pay respects, and consecrated an icon of Rishabha at Shatrunjaya.[75] Important Rishabha temple complexes include Palitana temples, Kulpakji, Kundalpur, Bibrod Tirth, Paporaji, Soniji Ki Nasiyan, Dilwara Temples, Rishabhdeo and Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir.

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See also

Notes
  1. a non-Jain, Hindu text

References

Citations
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  2. Jacobi 1968, pp. 284–285.
  3. Saraswati 1908, p. 444.
  4. Dalal 2010, p. 311.
  5. Zimmer 1953, p. 208-09.
  6. Sangave 2001, p. 131.
  7. Britannica 2000.
  8. Umakant 1987, p. 112.
  9. Varadpande 1983, pp. 26–27.
  10. Dundas 2002, p. 40.
  11. Upinder Singh 2016, p. 26.
  12. Zimmer 1953, p. 195.
  13. Jaini 1998, p. 7.
  14. Dundas 2002, p. 21.
  15. Jaini 2000, p. 327.
  16. Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. xiv.
  17. Dalal 2010, p. 27.
  18. Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. xv.
  19. Wiley 2004, p. xxix.
  20. Jestice 2004, p. 419.
  21. Sangave 2001, pp. 103–104.
  22. Radhakrishnan 1923, p. 287.
  23. Vijay K. Jain 2015, p. 181.
  24. Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 83.
  25. Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 76-79.
  26. Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 64–66.
  27. Sangave 2001, p. 105.
  28. Salomon 1998, p. 9 with footnotes.
  29. Dalal 2010, p. 42.
  30. Wiley 2004, p. 54.
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  32. Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 88.
  33. Natubhai Shah 2004, p. 16.
  34. Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. x.
  35. Sangave 2001, p. 103.
  36. Kailash Chand Jain 1991, p. 5.
  37. Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 89.
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  75. Cort 2010, pp. 144–145.

Sources
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