Richard Burbage

Richard Burbage (c. 1567 – 13 March 1619) was an English stage actor, widely considered to have been one of the most famous actors of the Globe Theatre and of his time. In addition to being a stage actor, he was also a theatre owner, entrepreneur, and painter. He was the younger brother of Cuthbert Burbage. They were both actors in drama. Burbage was a business associate and friend to William Shakespeare.

Portrait of Richard Burbage, Dulwich Picture Gallery, London

The son of James Burbage, a joiner who became a theatrical impresario and entrepreneur, also founded the first theatre. Burbage was a popular actor by his early 20s. He excelled in plays with the theme of tragedies. His early acting career is poorly documented. As many young actors of his time, he may have played the part of women in productions before taking any of the roles he is known for. It has been suggested that he spent time working with the Earl of Leicester's company, but there is no good evidence for this. He was probably acting with the Admiral's Men in 1590, with Lord Strange's Men in 1592, and with the Earl of Pembroke's Men in 1593; but most famously he was the star of William Shakespeare's theatre company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men, which became the King's Men on the ascension of James I in 1603. He played the title role in the first performances of many of Shakespeare's plays, including Hamlet, Othello, Richard III, and King Lear. But he was in great demand and also appeared in the plays of many of the great contemporary writers, such as Ben Jonson (the title role in Volpone, and Subtle in The Alchemist), John Marston (The Malcontent), John Webster (The Duchess of Malfi) and Beaumont and Fletcher (The Maid's Tragedy).

Burbage was described as being short and stout but was said to be an impressive figure, with numerous praises written of him in contemporary accounts. His power and scope as an actor is revealed in the sheer size of the roles he played. He was a great box office draw. Of the hundreds of plays and thousands of roles for actors that date from the 1580–1610 era, there are only twenty or so roles that are longer than 800 lines. Edward Alleyn was the first English actor to manage such roles, in Marlowe's Tamburlaine and The Jew of Malta; but the majority of these star roles, thirteen of the twenty, were acted by Burbage.[1] He was said to be quite rich because he was earning income from being the primary housekeeping of two playhouses, a sharer in the King's Men, a lead actor and a painter.

Life
19th century print of Richard Burbage

Burbage was baptised at St Stephen in London on 7 July 1568. He was the second son of his parents, followed by three younger sisters; Alice, Joane, and Ellen. His father brought Burbage to the theatre and had the greatest influence on his career. Being the son of a builder and owner of the first successful permanent playhouse gave him a great starting advantage in the theatre world. It is said that because he worked in the theatre with his father at such a young age, he learned the basics of working with colours and the techniques of painting, which helped him later in life.[2]

After the death of their father in February 1597, Richard and his brother Cuthbert stepped in to rescue the family's interests in two London theatres and found themselves tied up in lawsuits. They kept the Blackfriars Theatre but leased it to lawyer and impresario Henry Evans, who used it for a troupe of child actors. The other, called simply The Theatre, was dismantled when they could not resolve terms for a new lease with Giles Allen, the landowner. The beams, posts, and other remnants of The Theatre were moved to a new location on the south side of the Thames River and reassembled into a new playhouse called the Globe in 1599. The Burbage brothers kept half the shares in the new theatre and gave the remainder to Shakespeare and other members of the Chamberlain's Men. Income from the Blackfriars lease helped fund the move to the Globe. In 1608 the brothers ended the Blackfriars lease and moved the company to the new theatre. Burbage was performing there on 29 June 1613, when it caught fire and burned down. During the winter months, when it was not practical to use the open-air Globe, they used the Blackfriars. It was much smaller and seated about 700 people.

The brothers maintained a close working and personal relationship throughout their lives; they were neighbours on Halliwell Street in Shoreditch, near the Theatre. Burbage married Winifred Turner on 2 October 1600 at St Mary's Rotherhithe. [3] Burbage fathered at least eight children;[4] after his death his widow Winifred married another of the King's Men, Richard Robinson.[5] [See also: Nicholas Tooley.]

It has sometimes been argued that the famous Chandos portrait of Shakespeare was painted by Burbage. His skills were in demand. Some believe that the anonymous oil painting used so often nowadays to show what Burbage looked like was a self-portrait.[6][7] Dulwich College holds a painting of a female head in a roughly similar style that was generally regarded as his work until it was found out in 1987 that it was probably misattributed to him and that it is a work by a North Italian painter. The "Felton" portrait of Shakespeare is also attributed to Burbage,[8] and also a portrait of a woman which is currently preserved at Dulwich College, in Southeast London.[7]

Unlike Alleyn or his fellow King's Man Shakespeare, Burbage never retired from the stage; he continued acting until his death, aged 52, in 1619. He was not such an astute businessman as either Alleyn or Shakespeare; at his death he was said to have left his widow "better than £300" in land—a respectable estate but far less than Alleyn's substantial wealth, and less than the net worth of Shakespeare at his death (also aged 52) in 1616.[9]

He remained a crowd favorite, even when younger actors emerged, for thirty-five years, and was an idol of his age. His last recorded performance was in 1610, but he acted with the King's Men until his death in 1619. His death caused such an outpouring of grief[10] that it threatened to overshadow the official mourning for the death of Queen Anne ten days prior.[11]

Burbage was buried in St Leonard's, Shoreditch, a church close to two theatres: "The Theatre" and "The Curtain Theatre." His gravestone was said to read "Exit Burbage." Although his gravestone is now lost, a memorial to him and his brothers was erected in a later century. An anonymous poet composed for him A Funerall Elegye on the Death of the famous Actor Richard Burbage who died on Saturday in Lent the 13 of March 1619, an excerpt of which reads:

He's gone and with him what a world are dead.
Which he review'd, to be revived so,
No more young Hamlet, old Hieronimo[lower-alpha 1]
Kind Lear, the Grieved Moor, and more beside,
That lived in him have now forever died.[12]

Of the many elegies that followed his passing, perhaps the most poignant is the brief epitaph:

Exit Burbage.[12]

Portrayals

Burbage was played by Martin Clunes in the film Shakespeare in Love (1998), by Steve Speirs in the BBC sitcom Upstart Crow (2016), by Adam Colborne in the third episode of the mini-series Good Omens, co-produced by the BBC and Amazon Video, and by Mattias Inwood in the 2017 TNT drama Will.

Portraits of Richard Burbage at the National Portrait Gallery, London

Notes and references

Notes
  1. "Hieronimo" or "Hieronymo" is the main character from Thomas Kyd's The Spanish Tragedy.

References
  1. McMillin 1987, pp. 61–3.
  2. https://is.muni.cz/th/216983/ff_b/BA_Thesis.pdf
  3. Keenan, Siobhan (September 2019). "New Evidence About Shakespearean "Star" Actor, Richard Burbage, Notes & Queries, 66:3, pp. 460-4".
  4. Barroll, Leeds (March 1996). Medieval and Renaissance Drama in England. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN 9780838636411. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018.
  5. Halliday 1964, p. 77.
  6. Mabillard, Amanda. "Shakespeare's Friend Richard Burbage". www.shakespeare-online.com. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
  7. Kinney, Arthur F. (15 April 2008). Shakespeare by Stages: An Historical Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470776926. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018.
  8. The Theatre. Wyman & Sons. 1890. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018.
  9. Gurr 1992, p. 91.
  10. Mantzius, Karl (1904). The Shakespearean period in England. Duckworth. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018.
  11. Thorndike, Ashley Horace (1916). Shakespeare's Theater. Macmillan. p. 387. burbage mourn queen anne.
  12. Wells 2011.

Sources
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