Ribonuclease L

Ribonuclease L or RNase L (for latent), known sometimes as ribonuclease 4 or 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase-dependent ribonuclease — is an interferon (IFN)-induced ribonuclease which, upon activation, destroys all RNA within the cell (both cellular and viral). RNase L is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNASEL gene.[5]

RNASEL
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1WDY, 4G8K, 4G8L, 4OAU, 4OAV
Identifiers
Aliases	RNASEL, PRCA1, RNS4, ribonuclease L
External IDs	OMIM: 180435 MGI: 1098272 HomoloGene: 8040 GeneCards: RNASEL
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 1 (human)[1] Band 1q25.3 Start 182,573,634 bp[1] End 182,589,256 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 1 (mouse)[2] Band 1|1 G3 Start 153,749,426 bp[2] End 153,764,221 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function • nucleotide binding • protein kinase activity • rRNA binding • metal ion binding • endoribonuclease activity • ribonuclease activity • GO:0001948 protein binding • RNA binding • nuclease activity • ribonucleoprotein complex binding • endonuclease activity • hydrolase activity • ATP binding • identical protein binding Cellular component • cytoplasm • cytosol • nuclear matrix • mitochondrial matrix • mitochondrion • cellular component Biological process • regulation of mRNA stability • nucleic acid phosphodiester bond hydrolysis • mRNA processing • protein phosphorylation • negative regulation of viral genome replication • RNA phosphodiester bond hydrolysis • defense response to virus • type I interferon signaling pathway • rRNA processing • fat cell differentiation • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • RNA phosphodiester bond hydrolysis, endonucleolytic • regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway • positive regulation of glucose import Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	6041	24014
Ensembl	ENSG00000135828	ENSMUSG00000066800
UniProt	Q05823	Q05921
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_021133	NM_011882
RefSeq (protein)	NP_066956	NP_036012
Location (UCSC)	Chr 1: 182.57 – 182.59 Mb	Chr 1: 153.75 – 153.76 Mb
PubMed search	[3]	[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

This gene encodes a component of the interferon-regulated 2'-5'oligoadenylate (2'-5'A) system that functions in the antiviral and antiproliferative roles of interferons. RNase L is activated by dimerization, which occurs upon 2'-5'A binding, and results in cleavage of all RNA in the cell. This can lead to activation of MDA5, an RNA helicase involved in the production of interferons.

Synthesis and activation

RNase L activation pathway-IFN factors bind the receptor and lead transcription and modifications of OAS. Viral dsRNA binds OAS, so that 2'-5'A is produced leading to the dimerization of RNase L. Activated RNase L cleaves all RNA in the cell, which can activate MDA5 leading to interferon production.

RNase L is present in very minute quantities during the normal cell cycle. When interferon binds to cell receptors, it activates transcription of around 300 genes to bring about the antiviral state. Among the enzymes produced is RNase L, which is initially in an inactive form. A set of transcribed genes codes for 2’-5’ Oligoadenylate Synthetase (OAS).[6] The transcribed RNA is then spliced and modified in the nucleus before reaching the cytoplasm and being translated into an inactive form of OAS. The location of OAS in the cell and the length of the 2’-5’ oligoadenylate depends on the post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications of OAS.[6]

OAS is only activated under a viral infection, when a tight binding of the inactive form of the protein with a viral dsRNA, consisting of the retrovirus’ ssRNA and its complementary strand, takes place. Once active, OAS converts ATP to pyrophosphate and 2’-5’-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A), which are 5’ end phosphorylated.[7] 2-5 A molecules then bind to RNase L, promoting its activation by dimerization. In its activated form RNase L cleaves all RNA molecules in the cell leading to autophagy and apoptosis. Some of the resulting RNA fragments can also further induce the production of IFN-β as noted in the Significance section.[8]

This dimerization and activation of RNase L can be recognized using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), as oligoribonucleotides containing a quencher and a fluorophore on opposite sites are added to a solution with inactive RNase L. The FRET signal is then recorded as the quencher and the fluorophore are very close to each other. Upon the addition of 2-5A molecules, RNase L becomes active, cleaving the oligoribonucleotides and interfering in the FRET signal.[9]

Significance

RNase L is part of the body's innate immune defense, namely the antiviral state of the cell. When a cell is in the antiviral state, it is highly resistant to viral attacks and is also ready to undergo apoptosis upon successful viral infection. Degradation of all RNA within the cell (which usually occurs with cessation of translation activity caused by protein kinase R) is the cell's last stand against a virus before it attempts apoptosis.

Interferon beta (IFN-β), a type I interferon responsible for antiviral activity, is induced by RNAse L and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) in the infected cell. The relationship between RNAse L and MDA5 in the production of IFNs has been confirmed with siRNA tests silencing the expression of either molecule and noting a marked decline in IFN production.[10] MDA5, an RNA helicase, is known to be activated by complex high molecular weight dsRNA transcribed from the viral genome.[11][10][12] In a cell with RNAse L, MDA5 activity may be further enhanced.[10] When active, RNAse L cleaves and identifies viral RNA and feeds it into MDA5 activation sites, enhancing the production of IFN-β. The RNA fragments produced by RNAse L have double stranded regions, as well as specific markers, that allow them to be identified by the RNAse L and MDA5.[8] Some studies have suggested that high levels of RNAse L may actually inhibit IFN-β production, but a clear linkage still exists between RNAse L activity and IFN-β production.[8]

Furthermore, it has been shown that RNase L is involved in many diseases. In 2002, the “hereditary prostate cancer 1” locus (HPC1) was mapped to the RNASEL gene, indicating that mutations in this gene cause a predisposition to prostate cancer.[13][14] Impairments of the OAS/RNase L pathway in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) have been investigated.[15][16]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000135828 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000066800 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Squire J, Zhou A, Hassel BA, Nie H, Silverman RH (Jun 1994). "Localization of the interferon-induced, 2-5A-dependent RNase gene (RNS4) to human chromosome 1q25". Genomics. 19 (1): 174–5. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1033. PMID 7514564.
6. N. Sarkar, Saumendra; Pandley, Mitali; C. Sen, Ganes (2005). Interferon Methods and Protocols. Totowa, New Jersey, USA: Human Press Inc. pp. 81–102. ISBN 978-1-58829-418-0.
7. Liang, Shu-Ling; Quirk, David; Zhou, Aimin (September 2006). "RNase L: Its Biological Roles and Regulation". Life. 58 (9): 508–514. doi:10.1080/15216540600838232. PMID 17002978.
8. Banerjee, Shuvojit; Chakrabarti, Arindam; Kant Jha, Babal; R. Weiss, Susan; H. Silverman, Robert (25 February 2014). "Cell-Type-Specific Effects of RNase L on Viral Induction of Beta Interferon". mBio. 5 (2): e00856-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.00856-14. PMC 3940032. PMID 24570368.
9. S. Thakur, Chandar; Xu, Zan; Wang, Zhengfu; Novince, Zachary; H. Silverman, Robert (2005). Interferon Methods and Protocols. Totowa, New Jersey, USA: Human Press Inc. pp. 103–114. ISBN 978-1-58829-418-0.
10. Luthra, Priya; Sun, Dengyun; H. Silverman, Robert; He, Biao (18 January 2011). "Activation of IFN-β expression by a viral mRNA through RNase L and MDA5". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (5): 2118–2123. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012409108. PMC 3033319. PMID 21245317.
11. Pichlmair, Andreas; Schulz, Oliver; Tan, Choon-Ping; Rehwinkel, Jan; Kato, Hiroki; Takeuchi, Osamu; Akira, Shizuo; Way, Michael; Schiavo, Giampietro; Reis e Sousa, Caetano (October 2009). "Activation of MDA5 requires higher-order RNA structures generated during virus infection". Journal of Virology. 83 (20): 10761–10769. doi:10.1128/JVI.00770-09. ISSN 1098-5514. PMC 2753146. PMID 19656871.
12. Pichlmair, Andreas; Schulz, Oliver; Tan, Choon-Ping; Rehwinkel, Jan; Kato, Hiroki; Takeuchi, Osamu; Akira, Shizuo; Way, Michael; Schiavo, Giampietro; Reis e Sousa, Caetano (October 2009). "Activation of MDA5 Requires Higher-Order RNA Structures Genereated during Virus Infection". Journal of Virology. 83 (20): 10761–10769. doi:10.1128/JVI.00770-09. PMC 2753146. PMID 19656871.
13. "Entrez Gene: RNASEL ribonuclease L (2',5'-oligoisoadenylate synthetase-dependent)".
14. Carpten J, Nupponen N, Isaacs S, et al. (February 2002). "Germline mutations in the ribonuclease L gene in families showing linkage with HPC1". Nature Genetics. 30 (2): 181–4. doi:10.1038/ng823. PMID 11799394.
15. Nijs J, De Meirleir K (Nov–Dec 2005). "Impairments of the 2-5A synthetase/RNase L pathway in chronic fatigue syndrome". In Vivo. 19 (6): 1013–21. PMID 16277015.
16. Suhadolnik RJ, et al. (1997). "Biochemical evidence for a novel low molecular weight 2-5A-dependent RNase L in chronic fatigue syndrome". J Interferon Cytokine Res. 17 (7): 377–85. doi:10.1089/jir.1997.17.377. PMID 9243369.

Further reading

• Urisman A, Molinaro RJ, Fischer N, Plummer SJ, Casey G, Klein EA, Malathi K, Magi-Galluzzi C, Tubbs RR, Ganem D, Silverman RH, DeRisi JL (March 2006). "Identification of a novel Gammaretrovirus in prostate tumors of patients homozygous for R462Q RNASEL variant". PLoS Pathog. 2 (3): e25. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0020025. PMC 1434790. PMID 16609730.
• Chakrabarti A, Jha BK, Silverman RH (January 2011). "New insights into the role of RNase L in innate immunity". J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 31 (1): 49–57. doi:10.1089/jir.2010.0120. PMC 3021357. PMID 21190483.
• Castelli J, Wood KA, Youle RJ (1999). "The 2-5A system in viral infection and apoptosis". Biomed. Pharmacother. 52 (9): 386–90. doi:10.1016/S0753-3322(99)80006-7. PMID 9856285.
• Leaman DW, Cramer H (1999). "Controlling gene expression with 2-5A antisense". Methods. 18 (3): 252–65. doi:10.1006/meth.1999.0782. PMID 10454983.
• Silverman RH (2003). "Implications for RNase L in prostate cancer biology". Biochemistry. 42 (7): 1805–12. doi:10.1021/bi027147i. PMID 12590567.
• Kieffer N, Schmitz M, Scheiden R, et al. (2006). "Involvement of the RNAse L gene in prostate cancer". Bulletin de la Société des sciences médicales du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg (1): 21–8. PMID 16869093.
• Bisbal C, Silverman RH (2007). "Diverse functions of RNase L and implications in pathology". Biochimie. 89 (6–7): 789–98. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2007.02.006. PMC 2706398. PMID 17400356.
• Carter BS, Beaty TH, Steinberg GD, et al. (1992). "Mendelian inheritance of familial prostate cancer". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (8): 3367–71. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.8.3367. PMC 48868. PMID 1565627.
• Dong B, Xu L, Zhou A, et al. (1994). "Intrinsic molecular activities of the interferon-induced 2-5A-dependent RNase". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (19): 14153–8. PMID 7514601.
• Bisbal C, Martinand C, Silhol M, et al. (1995). "Cloning and characterization of a RNAse L inhibitor. A new component of the interferon-regulated 2-5A pathway". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (22): 13308–17. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.22.13308. PMID 7539425.
• Zhou A, Hassel BA, Silverman RH (1993). "Expression cloning of 2-5A-dependent RNAase: a uniquely regulated mediator of interferon action". Cell. 72 (5): 753–65. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90403-D. PMID 7680958.
• Hassel BA, Zhou A, Sotomayor C, et al. (1993). "A dominant negative mutant of 2-5A-dependent RNase suppresses antiproliferative and antiviral effects of interferon". EMBO J. 12 (8): 3297–304. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05999.x. PMC 413597. PMID 7688298.
• Smith JR, Freije D, Carpten JD, et al. (1996). "Major susceptibility locus for prostate cancer on chromosome 1 suggested by a genome-wide search". Science. 274 (5291): 1371–4. doi:10.1126/science.274.5291.1371. PMID 8910276.
• Egesten A, Dyer KD, Batten D, et al. (1997). "Ribonucleases and host defense: identification, localization and gene expression in adherent monocytes in vitro". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1358 (3): 255–60. doi:10.1016/S0167-4889(97)00081-5. PMID 9366257.
• Eeles RA, Durocher F, Edwards S, et al. (1998). "Linkage analysis of chromosome 1q markers in 136 prostate cancer families. The Cancer Research Campaign/British Prostate Group U.K. Familial Prostate Cancer Study Collaborators". American Journal of Human Genetics. 62 (3): 653–8. doi:10.1086/301745. PMC 1376940. PMID 9497242.
• Dong B, Silverman RH (1999). "Alternative function of a protein kinase homology domain in 2', 5'-oligoadenylate dependent RNase L." Nucleic Acids Res. 27 (2): 439–45. doi:10.1093/nar/27.2.439. PMC 148198. PMID 9862963.
• Carpten JD, Makalowska I, Robbins CM, et al. (2000). "A 6-Mb high-resolution physical and transcription map encompassing the hereditary prostate cancer 1 (HPC1) region". Genomics. 64 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.6051. PMID 10708513.
• Zhou A, Nie H, Silverman RH (2001). "Analysis and origins of the human and mouse RNase L genes: mediators of interferon action". Mamm. Genome. 11 (11): 989–92. doi:10.1007/s003350010194. PMID 11063255.
• Dong B, Niwa M, Walter P, Silverman RH (2001). "Basis for regulated RNA cleavage by functional analysis of RNase L and Ire1p". RNA. 7 (3): 361–73. doi:10.1017/S1355838201002230. PMC 1370093. PMID 11333017.

External links

• ribonuclease+L,+human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

Category:Ribonucleases Category:Prostate cancer