RWE

RWE AG, until 1990: Rheinisch-Westfälisches Elektrizitätswerk AG (Rhenish-Westphalian Power Plant), is a German electric utilities company based in Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia. Through its various subsidiaries, the energy company supplies electricity and gas to more than 20 million electricity customers and 10 million gas customers, principally in Europe. RWE is the second largest electricity producer in Germany, and has increased renewable energy production in recent years.[2][3]

For other uses, see RWE (disambiguation).
RWE AG
Aktiengesellschaft
Traded asFWB: RWE
ISINDE0007037129 
IndustryElectric utility
Founded1898 
HeadquartersEssen, Germany
Key people
Rolf Martin Schmitz (President and CEO), Manfred Schneider (Chairman of the supervisory board)
ProductsElectricity generation and distribution, renewable energy, natural gas exploration, production, transportation and distribution
Revenue€13.4 billion (2018)[1]
€619 million (2018)[1]
€335 million (2018)[1]
Total assets€85.9 billion (2018)[1]
Total equity€13.3 billion (2018)[1]
Number of employees
17,748 (2018)[1]
SubsidiariesRWE Renewables International
Websiterwe.com

RWE previously owned American Water, the United States' largest investor-owned water utility, but this was divested in 2008. It also owned RWE Dea (now DEA AG), which produced some of the oil and gas RWE sold (annual production is around 2 million m3 of crude oil (about 365,000 BOE) and 3 billion m3 of natural gas (about 18 million BOE, 49,300 BOE) a day.[4]

RWE confirmed in December 2015, that it would separate its renewable energy generation, power grid and retail operations into a separate company, Innogy SE, during 2016, and sell a 10% holding in the business through an initial public offering. The restructuring was caused by an effort to reduce the group's exposure to nuclear decommissioning costs, required due to a German government policy of closing all nuclear power stations by 2022.[5]

In July 2019, RWE's handling of the conflict with activists in the Hambach Forest were strongly criticized in the media.[6] The company finally agreed to refrain from clearing the forest until autumn 2020.[7]

In July 2020, RWE completed a far-reaching asset swap deal with E.ON first announced in 2018, whereby the international renewable generation protfolio of E.ON and innogy were transferred to RWE.[8]

History

Pre-World War I

The company was founded in Essen in 1898, as Rheinisch-Westfälisches Elektrizitätswerk Aktiengesellschaft (RWE) by Elektrizitäts-Actien-Gesellschaft vorm. W. Lahmeyer & Company (EAG) and others.[9][10] Its first power station started operating in Essen in 1900.[10] In 1902, EAG sold its shares to a consortium formed by Ruhr industrialists Hugo Stinnes and August Thyssen.[10]

In 1906, it expanded its operations beyond Essen by acquiring Elektrizitätswerk Berggeist AG in Brühl, and Bergische Elektrizitätswerke GmbH, Solingen. At the same year it also acquired shareholdings in the tramway companies Bochum-Gelsenkirchener Straßenbahn AG and Rheinische Bahngesellschaft AG.[10]

In 1908, RWE signed demarcation contracts with Städtische Elektrizitätswerk Dortmund and Elektrizitätswerk Westfalen AG.[9] Together they created Westfälische Verbands-Elektrizitätswerk AG. RWE contributed to the newly established company by its power station in Dortmund–Kruckel and the supply grid in Witten/Dortmund. Later all these companies formed Vereinigte Elektrizitätswerke Westfalen AG (VEW).[10]

In 1909, RWE opened the Reisholz Power Plant and acquired a stake in the tram company Süddeutsche Eisenbahngesellschaft AG.[10] At the same year, RWE started to build its own gas supply network. Deliveries of coal gas to the Bergisches Land region started in 1912.[10] In 1914, RWE opened Vorgebirgszentrale power plant in Hürth. By 1920, the plant had installed capacity of 190 megawatts which made it the largest in Europe.[10]

Before World War I municipalities of Essen, Mülheim an der Ruhr, and Gelsenkirchen, became shareholders in RWE.[9] By the 1920s, also Bonn, Cologne, Krefeld, Duisburg, and Düsseldorf became shareholders and municipalities owned the majority of RWE's shares.[10] In 1925, Prussian state became a shareholder in RWE. In 1929, municipalities and the Rhine Province combined their shareholdings into a holding company Kommunale Aufnahmegruppe für Aktien GmbH.[11]

Interwar years and World War II

In 1920, RWE acquired Niedersächsische Kraftwerke AG, located in Osnabrück.[10] In 1922, it expanded its coal business by acquiring three anthracite mines in Essen and a majority stake in the lignite company Braunkohlen- und Briketwerke Roddergrube AG.[11] In 1923, it acquired its founder company EAG. Three year later, the company acquired a stake in Rheinische Elektrizitäts-Aktiengesellschaft (Rheinelektra) and became a shareholder in the newly established Ruhrgas gas company in exchange of its gas grid. In 1927, RWE and Prussia swapped their holdings in the Brunswick and Cologne coalfields and RWE became an owner of Braunkohlen-Industrie AG Zukunft.[11]

In 1932, RWE acquired a majority stake in the coal company Rheinische Aktiengesellschaft für Braunkohlenbergbau (Rheinbraun).[9] In 1936, it acquired Niederrheinische Braunkohlenwerke AG, an operator of the Frimmersdorf Power Plant.[12]

On 1 May 1933, the Executive Board including Ernst Henke joined the NSDAP as a unified body.

Since autumn 1943, the Essen state police had been investigating Wilhelm Ricken, RWE's technical director and designated general director, for "subversion of the military". The then First Mayor of Essen, Just Dillgardt, who was also second chairman of RWE's Supervisory Board, had reported Ricken to the state police. Previously, he had received a tip from the then commercial director and fellow board member of Ricken, Friedrich Praedel. This "board member" of RWE is said to have pushed Dillgardt to press charges. Wilhelm Ricken was then arrested on 20 October 1943, and sentenced to death on 8 March 1944, by the Volksgerichtshof (People's Court), partly because of his statement that "the war would end like 1918". On 2 May 1944, Wilhelm Ricken was executed in Berlin-Plötzensee.[13]

In 2015, a "stumbling block" was placed at this final address in Essen to commemorate his Ricken's fate.[13]

Developments since World War II

During World War II, the infrastructure owned by RWE was severely damaged but mostly repaired by 1948.[9][12] In 1952, the company was excluded from the Allies' control. In 1957, RWE acquired the coal company Neurath AG.[9]

RWE and the Bavarian state owned 'Bayernwerk' join forces to build Germany's first industrial nuclear reactor. The Kahl experimental nuclear power plant (15 megawatts), constructed right next to RWE's Dettingen hard coal fired power plant, supplies its first electricity in 1962. Until its closure in 1985, this plant will serve as a source of important findings which aid the design and operation of commercial nuclear reactors.

RWE's nuclear operations started in 1961, when RWE and Bayernwerk (now part of E.ON) started to build the German first industrial nuclear reactor—the Kahl Nuclear Power Plant. In 1962, they started to build the Gundremmingen Nuclear Power Plant.[14] In 1965, the at the request of the surrounding municipalities, the Karnap power plant in Essen started to burn domestic waste.[14]

In 1969, RWE acquired a stake in Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks-Aktiengesellschaft which allowed its expansion into the oil industry. However, in 1974, it was sold to VEBA AG.[15]

In 1971, founded Gesellschaft für elektrischen Straßenverkehr, a company to develop an electric car for a commercial scale production. The prototype produced in cooperation with Volkswagen and named City-Stromer was presented in 1983.[15]

In 1988, RWE again expanded into the oil industry by acquiring Deutsche Texaco, formerly known as Deutsche Erdoel AG, which was renamed RWE-DEA AG für Mineralöl und Chemie (RWE-DEA). RWE was reorganized to hold energy, mining and raw materials; petroleum and chemicals; waste management; mechanical and plant engineering; and construction divisions.[9]

In the 1990s, RWE acquired a number of assets in the former East Germany, including stakes in the mining company Lausitzer Braunkohle AG (LAUBAG) and the power company VEAG. In 2000, RWE and VEW merged to create a "new" RWE, and stakes in LAUBAG and VEAG (now both merged into Vattenfall Europe) were sold to avoid competition violation.[16]

In 2001, RWE took over the British company Thames Water.[17] In 2002, it acquired American Water Works Company, based in New Jersey, which became a subsidiary of Thames Water.[16] In 2006, RWE sold Thames Water to Kemble Water Limited, a consortium led by Macquarie Group.[18]

In 2002, RWE acquired the British electricity and gas utility company Innogy for £3 billion (US$4.3 billion). Innogy was subsequently renamed RWE npower plc.[19][20]

As a result of the assets swap with RAG AG, RWE gave away its stake in the power company STEAG, it received almost full control of the renewable energy company Harpen AG. The full control of Harpen was achieved in 2005.[16] In 2003, RWE achieved also full control over Thyssengas. At the same year, it decided to divest its American coal company Consol Energy.[16]

In 2011, RWE unbundled its transmission system by selling its majority stake in the transmission system operator Amprion (RWE Transportnetz Strom GmbH), but keeping 25.1% in the company.[16][21]

On 14 August 2012 RWE AG announced that the company would cut 2,400 more jobs to reduce costs. Previously the company had announced to eliminate 5,000 jobs and 3,000 jobs through divestments as anticipated of closing all nuclear reactors by 2022.[22]

In August 2013, RWE completed the disposal of NET4GAS, the Czech gas transmission network operator, for €1.6 billion to a consortium consisting of Allianz and Borealis.[23] The company (named r Transgas A.S. then) was privatized to RWE in 2002.[16] In 200s, RWE also acquired energy companies in Poland (STOEN S.A.), and Slovenia (VSE a.s).[16]

In March 2015, RWE closed the sale of its oil and gas production unit, RWE Dea, to a group led by Russian billionaire Mikhail Fridman despite opposition from UK regulators. The $5.6 billion deal, announced in 2014, required approval from 14 countries where RWE Dea operates in Europe, the Middle East and Africa.[24]

On 1 April 2016, RWE transferred its renewable, network and retail businesses into a separate company named Innogy, which is listed at the Frankfurt Stock Exchange.[25][26] The new entity combined RWE subsidiaries RWE Innogy, RWE Deutschland, RWE Effizienz, RWE Vertrieb and RWE Energiedienstleistungen.[27]

In March 2018, it was announced that E.ON will acquire Innogy in a complex €43 billion deal of assets swap with RWE. As a result, RWE will take a 16.7% stake in E.ON.[28] Following the purchase of E.ON's renewables business and nuclear electricity generation assets, RWE is expected to become Europe's third-largest renewable energy provider behind Spain's Iberdrola and Italy's Enel,[29] and the second-largest in the market for offshore wind power.[30]

Financial data
Financial data in € billions[31]
Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Revenue 54.070 48.468 48.599 45.833 44.585
Net Income -2.443 1.693 -1.240 -5.484 2.315
Assets 81.119 86.316 79.334 76.402 69.059
Employees 66,341 61,715 59,350 59,073 59,333

Operations
RWE powerplant in the city of Ibbenbüren

RWE operates in Germany, the Netherlands and the UK.[32]

In the UK RWE fully owns RWE Generation UK plc., which operates a number of coal, natural gas, oil-fired and renewable energy power stations across the UK. The company owns the gas-fired power stations Staythorpe in Nottinghamshire, Pembroke in West Wales, Little Barford in Bedfordshire, Great Yarmouth in Norfolk, and Didcot 'B' Station in Oxfordshire, and the coal-fired power station Aberthaw Power Station in South Wales. It has closed its Didcot 'A' Power Station in Oxfordshire, Littlebrook Power Station in Kent, Fawley Power Station in Hampshire, and Tilbury Power Station in Essex.[33]

RWE jointly owns one third of the Urenco Group with E.ON. The remaining stakes are held by the British and Dutch governments, with one-third each.[34]

Fuel mix disclosure

RWE produced in 2007, electricity from the following sources: 32.9% hard coal, 35.2% lignite, 1.1% pumped storage, 2.4% renewables, 13.6% natural gas and 14.9% nuclear power.[35] In total, the company produced 324.3 TWh of electricity in 2007,[36] which makes it the 2nd largest electricity producer in Europe, after EdF. Electricity production at the German branch of RWE had in 2006, the following environmental implications: 700 µg/kWh radioactive waste and 752 g/kWh CO2 emissions.[37] In 2010, the company was responsible for 164.0 MTon of CO2,[38][39] In 2007, the company ranked between the 28th and the 29th place of emitters by country.

Criticism and controversies
Hambach surface mine (grey); remaining and occupied Hambach Forest more southern (northeast of Morschenich)[40]
Barricade

RWE has long been among the top targets of climate activists, in part as a result of a long-running, high-profile battle to preserve a forest in western Germany that is threatened by the planned expansion of one of the group’s coal mines. RWE also operates some of the largest coal-fired power stations in Europe.[41]

In 2018, RWE was the largest producer of carbon dioxide emissions in Europe.[42]

Since 2012, environmentalists have protested against RWE because of the Hambach surface mine situated in the area of Hambach Forest.[43] In November 2017, in the lawsuit filed by Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland (BUND), the German arm of Friends of the Earth, the Higher Administrative Court in Münster ruled to end the tree cutting. According to BUND, Hambach Forest is a habitat type 9160 of annex I of the European Habitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992).[44]

Opponents also argue that an environmental impact assessment study for the mine was never conducted. The Administrative Court in Cologne denied the necessity of such a study in November 2017, because the permission for the mining operations was given in the 1970s, long before environmental impact assessment studies became mandatory.[45] In October 2018, an estimated 50,000 protesters turned out against the company's planned continued forest clear-cutting for its open-pit coal mine expansion while a court order delayed the process until at least late 2020, to explore if it violated EU environmental regulations.[46][7]

gollark: What if I guess wrong? What if the function is secretly defined as changing at x=125819085712895612785 and I didn't notice?!
gollark: What if the plots are plotting against me and cannot be used?
gollark: What if I don't want to?
gollark: They just don't make sense. Do they go up or down or sideways? What if I put in a really, really big number - can it reach the thing it asymptotically tends towards *then*? What if I want it to output a different value? Are bees holomorphic?
gollark: However, I don't know how asymptotes work, so I'm just going for slightly increasing it each time.

See also

References
  1. "Annual Report 2018" (PDF). RWE. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  2. "RWE, Stadtwerke Munchen, Siemens to build wind farm off Welsh coast". 7 June 2010.
  3. "RWE-Geschäftsbericht 2017" (PDF).
  4. "RWE Dea". oilvoice.com. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  5. Steitz, Christophe (1 December 2015). "Germany's RWE splits to better absorb cost of nuclear plant closures". Reuters. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  6. Bernd Müllender (7 September 2018), "Reportage aus dem Hambach Forest: (Staats-)Gewalt im Wald", Die Tageszeitung: taz (in German), ISSN 0931-9085, retrieved 7 September 2018
  7. "RWE agrees to leave Hambach Forest untouched until 2020 – NRW state premier". Clean Energy Wire. 20 February 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  8. https://renews.biz/61351/rwe-completes-eon-asset-swap/
  9. "RWE AG History". FundingUniverse. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  10. "Chronicle 1898-1920". RWE. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  11. "Chronicle 1921-1930". RWE. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  12. "Chronicle 1931-1945". RWE. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  13. "WILHELM RICKEN - Stolperstein, Essen, Germany - Stolpersteine on Waymarking.com". www.waymarking.com. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  14. "Chronicle 1959-1967". RWE. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  15. "Chronicle 1968-1980". RWE. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  16. "Chronicle 2000-2008". RWE. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  17. "RWE's £4bn buys Thames Water". The Scotsman. 26 September 2000. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  18. "Thames Water to be sold for £8bn". BBC News. 16 October 2006. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  19. "Innogy agrees to German takeover". BBC News. 22 March 2002. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  20. "RWE Is Set to Buy Innogy". The New York Times. 18 March 2002. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  21. "RWE has no plans to sell stake in power network Amprion". Reuters. 27 February 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  22. "RWE Announces 2,400 More Job Cuts as Power Demand Slumps". 14 August 2012.
  23. RWE Annual Report 2013 (PDF). RWE AG. p. 23.
  24. "Germany's RWE closes $5 billion oil, gas unit sale despite UK opposition". Petro Global News. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  25. Chazan, Guy (7 October 2016). "Lacklustre market debut for Innogy". Financial Times. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  26. "RWE renewables spinoff Innogy volatile in market debut". Deutsche Welle. 7 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  27. "RWE renewables subsidiary launched". Windpower Monthly. 1 April 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  28. Massoudi, Arash; Buck, Tobias (11 March 2018). "Eon to acquire Innogy in €43bn deal with RWE". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  29. Nina Chestney (8 April 2019), UK competition authority clears RWE purchase of stake in E.ON Reuters.
  30. Tobias Buck (September 30 2019), RWE aims to be carbon neutral by 2040 Financial Times.
  31. "RWE Bilanz, Gewinn und Umsatz | RWE Geschäftsbericht | 703712". wallstreet-online.de. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  32. RWE. "RWE Generation SE". www.group.rwe. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  33. "Our sites in the UK". RWE. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  34. Powerhouse of the Uranium Enrichment Industry Seeks an Exit 27 May 2013 NYT
  35. "Renewables within RWE's capacity and generation mix" (PDF). p. 8.
  36. "Group Electricity Production and Plant Capacity". Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  37. "RWE electricity label 2006".
  38. http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/mediablob/en/614918/data/594840/4/rwe/responsibility/cr-reports/CR-Key-Figures-2010.xls
  39. Press release Carbon Market Data: "RWE, Enel and E.ON top the list of European CO2 emitters" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2009.
  40. "Action Map of the Wood – Hambach Forest".
  41. Tobias Buck (September 30 2019), RWE aims to be carbon neutral by 2040 Financial Times.
  42. Tobias Buck (September 30 2019), RWE aims to be carbon neutral by 2040 Financial Times.
  43. "Clash in German forest as red line is crossed". Deutsche Welle. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  44. "Save the "Hambacher Forst" - Stop coal mining" (PDF). BUND - Friends of the Earth Germany. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  45. Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "German activists lose bid to halt Hambach mine expansion | DW | 24.11.2017". DW.COM. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  46. "Germany: Court Orders Halt to Destruction of Forest Near Coal Mine". Democracy Now!. Retrieved 9 October 2018.

Further reading
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