Ludwig Reichenbach

Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach (January 8, 1793 – March 17, 1879) was a German botanist and ornithologist. It was he who first requested Leopold Blaschka to make a set of glass marine invertebrate models for scientific education and museum showcasing, the successful commission giving rise to the creation of the Blaschkas' Glass sea creatures and, subsequently and indirectly, the more famous Glass Flowers.

Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach
Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach
Born(1793-01-08)January 8, 1793
Leipzig, Germany
DiedMarch 17, 1879(1879-03-17) (aged 86)
NationalityGerman
Scientific career
Fieldsbotanist and ornithologist
Author abbrev. (botany)Rchb.

Early life

Born in Leipzig and the son of Johann Friedrich Jakob Reichenbach (the author in 1818 of the first Greek-German dictionary) Reichenbach studied medicine and natural science at the University of Leipzig in 1810 and, eight years later in 1818, he the now Professor became an instructor before, in 1820, he was appointed the director of the Dresden natural history museum and a professor at the Surgical-Medical Academy in Dresden, where he remained for many years.

Glass sea creatures
Main article: Glass sea creatures
Blaschka model of sea anemones

Director of the natural history museum in Dresden, Professor Reichenbach was faced with an annoying yet seemingly unsolvable problem of showing invertebrate marine life. Land-based flora and fauna was not an issue, for it was a relatively simple matter to exhibit mounted and stuffed creatures such as gorillas and elephants, their lifelike poses attracting and exciting the museums' visitors. Invertebrates, however, by their very nature, posed a problem.[1] In the 19th century the only method practised for showcasing them was to take a live specimen and place it in a sealed jar of alcohol.[2] This killed it but, more importantly, time and a lack of hard parts eventually rendered the specimen little more than a colorless floating blob of jelly, making it neither pretty nor an effective teaching tool. Prof. Reichenbach wanted something more, specifically 3D colored models of marine invertebrates that were both lifelike and able to stand the test of time.[3] And,in 1863, he "saw an exhibition of highly detailed, realistic glass flowers created by a Bohemian Lampworker, Leopold Blaschka, at an exhibition hosted by Prince Camille de Rohan;"[2][4] and it was the Prince who first introduced Reichenbach to Leopold Blaschka.[5][6]

Blaschka model of jellyfish

Enchanted by the botanical models and positive that Leopold held the key to ending his own showcasing issue, in 1863[7] Reichenbach convinced and commissioned Leopold to produce twelve model sea anemones.[8][4][6] These marine models, hailed as "an artistic marvel in the field of science and a scientific marvel in the field of art,"[9] were exactly what Prof. Reichenbach needed and, at last, provided an outlet for the wonder Leopold had felt all those years ago when observing the phosphorescent ocean life. The key fact, though, was that these glass marine models were, as would soon be acknowledged, "perfectly true to nature,"[10] and as such represented an extraordinary opportunity both for the scientific community and the Blaschkas themselves. Knowing this and thrilled with his newly acquired set of glass sea creatures, Reichenbach advised Leopold to drop his current and generations long family business of glass fancy goods and the like in favor of selling glass marine invertebrates to museums, aquaria, universities, and private collectors.[11][12] Advice which would prove wise and fateful both economically and scientifically, for Leopold did as the Dresden natural history museum director suggested. A decision which swiftly sparked the Blaschkas' highly lucrative mail-order business of selling Glass sea creatures to interested parties across the globe.[13] Poetically, though Reichenbach did not know it, many years later his showcasing problem and manner of finding the Blaschkas would be repeated by Harvard Professor George Lincoln Goodale[14] - Goodale getting the idea for the creation of the Glass Flowers from Harvard's own collection of Glass sea creatures.[3]

Sadly, however, the original six glass sea anemones purchased by Ludwig Reichenbach in 1863 as well as the rest of that first collection was destroyed in the Bombing of Dresden in World War II.[8]

Later career

He was later the founder of the Dresden botanical gardens and joint founder of Dresden Zoo. The museum's zoological collection was almost completely destroyed by the fire in the Zwinger palace during the constitutional crisis of 1849, but Reichenbach was able to replace it within only a few years. This collection is the basis of that seen in the museum today. Reichenbach was a prolific author and able botanical artist. His works included Iconographia Botanica seu Plantae criticae (1823–32, 10 vols.) and Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie (1851–54).

Honors

He was honored by having several plants and animals named after him : Viola reichenbachiana Jord. ex Bor. (syn. V. sylvatica (Hartm.) Fr. ex Hartm. and V. sylvestris Lam. p.p.) (the slender wood violet). Dr. Reichenbach oversaw a world-famous botanical garden in Dresden with a great collection of cacti, and Echinocactus reichenbachii a beautiful cactus of the south-central U.S. and northern Mexico was named in his honor. Reichenbach's sunbird (Anabathmis reichenbachii) is also named after him. This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation Rchb. when citing a botanical name.[15] Finally, he was also the father of Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach, equally a botanist and an eminent orchid specialist.

Death
Memorial to Ludwig Reichenbach at the Trinitatisfriedhof in Dresden

Reichenbach died in 1879 and was interred in the Trinity Cemetery in Dresden Johannstadt. The tomb, however, was cleared after abandoning the right to use. However, the cemetery administration had not awarded the grave site, so that at the initiative of the Senckenberg Natural History Collections in Dresden, a stele was erected, which was unveiled on September 11, 2011.

Publications
  • Lepidoptera Jenaische Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung (1817)
  • Reichenbach, Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig (1828). Conspectus regni vegetabilis per gradus naturales evoluti (in Latin). Leipzig: Carolum Cnobloch.
  • Flora germanica excursoria (1830–32, 2 tomes)
  • Flora exotica (1834–36)
  • Flora germanica exsiccata (1830–45)
  • Übersicht des Gewächsreichs und seiner natürlichen Entwickelungsstufen (1828)
  • Handbuch des natürlichen Pflanzensystems (1837)
  • Das Herbarienbuch (1841)
  • Abbildung und Beschreibung der für Gartenkultur empfehlenswerten Gewächse (1821–26, with 96 plates)
  • Monographia generis Aconiti (1820, with 19 plates)
  • Illustratio specierum Aconiti generis (1823–27, with 72 plates)
  • Iconographia botanica s. plantae criticae (1823-1832, with 1,000 plates)
  • Iconographia botanica exotica (1827–30)
  • Regnum animale (1834–36, with 79 plates)
  • Deutschlands Fauna (1842, 2 tomes)
  • Vollständigste Naturgeschichte des In- und Auslandes (1845–54, 2 volumes in 9 tomes with more than 1,000 plates)
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References
  1. "Blaschka Invertebrate Models".
  2. "The Blaschka Archive - Corning Museum of Glass".
  3. Harvard University Herbaria and Botany Libraries
  4. "Leopold + Rudolf Blaschka {...} The Glass Aquarium {...}". Design Museum (designmuseum.org). Retrieved 2015-06-10.
  5. "All About Glass - Corning Museum of Glass".
  6. "A Tale of Two Glassworkers and Their Marine Marvels - Science Friday".
  7. "Förderverein "Naturwissenschaftliche Glaskunst Blaschka-Haus e. V". (The Promotional Association "Scientific Glass Art – Blaschka-Haus e. V.")". Urania-dresden.de. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2015-06-10. Short title: "Blaschka – English version". Translation by Peter Silbernagl. Lead sentence: "In September 2000, an association was founded in Dresden-Hosterwitz with the aim to establish a museum-type memorial for the work of Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka and to treasure the memory of those two glass-artists." Earliest English-language title: The Association "Naturwissenschaftliche Glaskunst – Blaschka-Haus e.V.". Johanna Dühning, Chairman of the Association; translation by Benjamin Pentzold (archived 2002-09-10).
  8. Museum of Natural History Berlin, Historical collection of pictures and writings - Katalog über Blaschka's Modelle, L. Blaschka, Dresden, 1885
  9. "Sea creatures of the deep - the Blaschka Glass models".
  10. "Exhibitions - Corning Museum of Glass".
  11. "Förderverein "Naturwissenschaftliche Glaskunst Blaschka-Haus e. V". (The Promotional Association "Scientific Glass Art – Blaschka-Haus e. V.")". Urania-dresden.de. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2015-06-10.
      Short title: "Blaschka – English version". Translation by Peter Silbernagl. Lead sentence: "In September 2000, an association was founded in Dresden-Hosterwitz with the aim of establishing a museum-type memorial for the work of Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka and to treasure the memory of those two glass-artists."
      Earliest English-language title: The Association "Naturwissenschaftliche Glaskunst – Blaschka-Haus e.V.". Johanna Dühning, Chairman of the Association; translation by Benjamin Pentzold (archived 2002-09-10).
  12. "Leopold + Rudolf Blaschka {...} The Glass Aquarium {...}". Design Museum (designmuseum.org). Retrieved 2015-06-10.
  13. "Blaschkas Around the World".
  14. National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
  15. Brummitt, R. K.; C. E. Powell (1992). Authors of Plant Names. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-84246-085-4.
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