Reference genes
This article discusses the specific topic of reference genes. For a more general list of housekeeping genes see housekeeping genes
Reference genes are expressed in all cells of an organism under normal and patho-physiological conditions.[1][2][3] Although some housekeeping genes (such as LDHA,[4] NONO,[4] PGK1[4] and PPIH,[4]) are expressed at relatively constant levels in most non-pathological situations, other housekeeping genes may vary depending on experimental conditions.[5] Although the terms "housekeeping gene" and "reference gene" are used somewhat interchangeably, caution must be used in selecting genes for reference purposes.
This is a list of recommended housekeeping genes that may be used for reference purposes:[1]
| Gene | Access no. | Description | Chromosome |
|---|---|---|---|
| C1orf43 | NM_015449 | Chromosome 1 open reading frame 43 | chr1 |
| CHMP2A | NM_014453 | Charged multivesicular body protein 2A | chr19 |
| EMC7 | NM_020154 | ER membrane protein complex subunit 7 | chr15 |
| GPI | NM_000175 | Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase | chr19 |
| PSMB2 | NM_002794 | Proteasome subunit beta type 2 | chr1 |
| PSMB4 | NM_002796 | Proteasome subunit beta type 4 | chr1 |
| RAB7A | NM_004637 | Member RAS oncogene family | chr3 |
| REEP5 | NM_005669 | Receptor accessory protein 5 | chr5 |
| SNRPD3 | NM_004175 | Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein D3 | chr22 |
| VCP | NM_007126 | Valosin containing protein | chr9 |
| VPS29 | NM_016226 | Vacuolar protein sorting 29 homolog | chr12 |
The following represent genes that should probably not be used for reference purposes: GUSB,[4] RPLP0,[4] TFRC,[4] GAPDH, HSP90, and β-actin. Although they were once considered as "housekeeping genes," recent data suggests that they are not as reliable as once thought.[1]
See also
- Gene
- Genevestigator
- Genome
- Inducible gene
- Minimal genome
- Essential proteins in protein complexes
- Spatiotemporal gene expression
References
- Eisenberg E, Levanon EY (October 2013). "Human housekeeping genes, revisited". Trends in Genetics. 29 (10): 569–574. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2013.05.010. PMID 23810203.
- kon Butte, AJ.; et al. (2001). "Further defining housekeeping, or "maintenance," genes focus on 'a compendium of gene expression in normal human tissues'". Physiol. Genomics. 7 (2): 95–96. doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.2001.7.2.95. PMID 11773595.
- Zhu, J.; et al. (2008). "On the nature of human housekeeping genes". Trends in Genetics. 24 (10): 481–484. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2008.08.004. PMID 18786740.
- Quiagen. "RT2 Profiler PCR Array (96-Well Format and 384-Well Format". Qiagen Catalog No. 330231 PAHS-00ZA.
- Greer S, Honeywell R, Geletu M, Arulanandam R, Raptis L (Feb 19, 2010). "Housekeeping genes; expression levels may change with density of cultured cells". J Immunol Methods. 355 (1–2): 76–9. doi:10.1016/j.jim.2010.02.006. PMID 20171969.