Red fruit bat

The red fruit bat or red fig-eating bat (Stenoderma rufum) is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae, in the monotypic genus Stenoderma.[2] It is found in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

Red fruit bat

Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Family: Phyllostomidae
Genus: Stenoderma
E. Geoffroy, 1818
Species:
S. rufum
Binomial name
Stenoderma rufum
Desmarest, 1820

Description

Red fruit bats can range from tan to dark brown in color and their wings can be dark brown to black with red or pinked colored arms and figures. The nose-leaf are erect and shaped like a lace with a tan coloration.[3] The ears pointed and go from light to dark brown, starting from the base of the ear and to the top of the ears. The eyes are small and oval shaped with brown iris and a circular pupils. Red fruit bats that are dark brown in color are the ones that have molted their juvenile fur to their adult fur.[3] Bats from Puerto Rico are a darker brown, Dresden Brown than the bats found on St. John, Buckthorn Brown.[3] Both adults and juveniles have darker coloration on the ventral side than on the dorsal side, and they have white spots on the sides of the neck near the base of the ear and at the wing joints.[3][4] Sexual dimorphism is present among S. r. darioi, where the females are bigger than the males, on Puerto Rico and this does not appear in S. r. rufum on St. John.[3][4] The S. r. darioi females are 67.8 mm in length on average, have a forearm length of about 49.7 mm, and their skull is 22.9 mm in length.[3][4] S. r. rufum females are 65 mm long, the forearm is around 47.3 mm, and have a skull length of 22.1 mm, making them smaller than S. r. doraioi females.[4] Males of both species are the same size on average with a length of 61-65.5 mm, forearm length of 47.5-47.7 mm, a skull length about 22.3 mm, and males lack a baculum which is typical of all phyllostomatid bats.[4]

Subspecies

Three subspecies are recognised:[3]

  • Stenoderma rufum rufum (Desmarest's red fruit bat) - U.S. Virgin Islands
  • †Stenoderma rufum anthonyi (Anthony's red fruit bat) - Puerto Rico (fossil)
  • Stenoderma rufum darioi (Valdivieso's red fruit bat) - Puerto Rico

Ecology

Range and habitat

Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests and is found on the islands of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, St. John and St. Thomas. As of June 10, 2004, a pregnant female was found on the island of St. Croix, showing that there is a breeding population on the island.[5] There are no morphological or habitat characteristics that put red fruit bats from St. Croix in the subspecies of S. rufum, but is put in S. r. rufum because they have a similar coloration. The female has a body length of 67 mm and a forearm length of 50.21 mm. Most species of Stenoderma rufum are found in the Luquillo National Forest.[5] This rain forest is located in the northeast part of Puerto Rico, this is a mountainous region that gets over 2,000 mm of rainfall annually.[6]

Diet

Red fruit bats are frugivores. They primarily feed on fruit like Cecropia schrebriana, Manilkara bidentata, and Prestoea montana.[6][7] It has been shown that they can also survive on mangos, fruit nectars, and bananas, but they need to have the flesh of the fruit exposed for the animal to eat it.[3]

Behavior

Red fruit bats are nocturnal. Most nocturnal animals tend to reduce their activity during the brighter levels of moonlight, because nocturnal predators can find prey easier when the moon is bright. Red fruit bats do not lack of nocturnal predators on Puerto Rico, this allows the bats to search for food or mates regardless of whether there is a full moon or a new moon.[6]

Mating and reproduction

Little is known on the matting and reproduction behaviors of Red fruit bats. What is known is that males show a tendency to mate during the dry seasons rather than the rainy seasons.[7] Females will mate year round, showing that females are polyestrus.[7] Seasons also affect embryo size. Smaller embryos appear more during the dry seasons than during rainy seasons.[7] When pups are born they are covered in fur, the face is pink and has no hair, and their eyes are open.[3] At birth they are 45 mm long, forearm length of 29.4 mm, and have a wingspan of 201 mm.[3]

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See also

References
  1. Rodriguez, A. & Dávalos, L. (2011). "Stenoderma rufum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2012.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. Gannon, M.R., Rodríguez-Durán, M., Kurta, A., and Willig, M.R. Stenoderma rufum Desmarest, Red Fig-eating Bat or Murciélago Frutero Nativo (website), Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut. Downloaded 10 November 2012 from http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/people/willig/Research/Puerto%20Rico/stenoderma.html
  3. Genoways, H. H., and R. J. Baker. 1972. Stenoderma rufum. Mammalian Species, 18:1-4. http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-018-01-0001.pdf Archived 2013-12-02 at the Wayback Machine
  4. J. Knox Jones, Jr. Hugh H. Genoways, and Robert J. Barker. 1971. Morphological Variation in Stenoderma rufum, 1:244-247. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1378464?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#page_scan_tab_contents
  5. Gary G. Kwiecinski, William C. Coles. 2007. Presence of Stenoderma rufum Beyond the Puerto Rican Bank. Occasional Papers (Museum of Texas Tech University), 266:1-12. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239539397_Presence_of_Stenoderma_rufum_Beyond_the_Puerto_rican_Bank
  6. Michael R. Gannon, and Micheal R. Willig. 1997. The Effect of Lunar Illumination of Movement and Activity of the Red Fig-eating Bat (Stenoderma rufum). Biotropica, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 525-529. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388947?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
  7. Michael R. Gannon, and Michael R. Willig. 1992. Bat Reproduction in the Luquillo Experimental Forest of Puerto Rico. The Southwestern Naturalist, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 414-419. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3671794?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
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